Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Alone or With Delayed Chemo Versus ART With Immediate Chemo for Limited AIDS-related Kaposi's Sarcoma

Step 1: Inclusion Criteria

• HIV-1 infection.
• Biopsy diagnostic of KS at any time prior to study entry.
• Limited stage KS defined as stage T0 and some presentations of stage T1. Stage T0 was confined to skin and/or lymph nodes and/or minimal oral disease defined as non-nodular KS confined to the palate. The following presentations of stage T1 KS were also eligible at the discretion of the site investigator:
• Tumor-associated edema limited to the area(s) of KS without significant functional impairment.
• Oral KS that consists of flat (non-nodular and non-ulcerating) lesions confined to the soft palate, hard palate, gums, and buccal mucosa.
• Asymptomatic gastrointestinal KS (i.e., no unexplained abdominal pain or gastrointestinal bleeding).
• A minimum of 5 cutaneous marker lesions
• Certain laboratory values obtained within 14 days prior to study entry.
• For female participants of reproductive potential, a negative serum or urine pregnancy test performed within 7 days prior to study entry.
• All participants must have agreed not to participate in a conception process (e.g., active attempt to become pregnant or to impregnate, donate sperm, in vitro fertilization).
• Participants who are participating in sexual activity that could lead to pregnancy must have agreed to use a combination of TWO of the following methods- Condoms (male or female) with or without a spermicidal agent, diaphragm or cervical cap with spermicide, IUD, tubal ligation, and/or hormone-based contraception. For Etoposide, confirmation of lack of reproductive potential was required for all participants. More information on this criterion can be found in the study protocol.
• Ability to swallow oral medications.
• Karnofsky performance score >= 60 within 30 days prior to entry.
• Ability and willingness of participant or legal guardian/representative to provide informed consent.
• Peripheral blood CD4+ lymphocyte cell count obtained within 30 days prior to study entry at a DAIDS-approved laboratory.
• For treatment-experienced patients, the availability of an ART regimen that includes at least two ART drugs that in the opinion of the site investigator are expected to have activity based on historical genotypic testing (if available) and treatment history.
• For participants who were to receive ART other than EFV/TDF/FTC, the availability of those ART components.

Step 2: Inclusion Criteria

• KS progression compared to study entry or best response with ART alone while on Step 1, between weeks 8 and 80.
• Need for ET for treatment of KS progression, in the opinion of the site investigator, after confirmation of KS progression by the IERC.
• Willingness to receive ET for treatment of KS progression.
• For female participants of reproductive potential, a negative serum or urine pregnancy test performed within 7 days prior to initiating ET.
• Karnofsky Performance Score >= 50.
• Certain laboratory values obtained within 14 days prior to Step 2 entry.
• Ability to swallow oral medications.
• All participants must have agreed not to participate in a conception process (e.g., active attempt to become pregnant or to impregnate, donate sperm, in vitro fertilization).
• Participants who are participating in sexual activity that could lead to pregnancy must have agreed to use a combination of TWO of the following methods- Condoms (male or female) with or without a spermicidal agent, diaphragm or cervical cap with spermicide, IUD, tubal ligation, hormone-based contraception. For Etoposide, confirmation of lack of reproductive potential was required for all participants. More information on this criterion can be found in the study protocol.

Step 3: Inclusion Criteria

• Received at least one dose of ET (Arm B participants and Arm A participants who entered Step 2)

Step 1: Exclusion Criteria

• Any manifestation of KS which, in the opinion of the site investigator, requires immediate chemotherapy.
• More than 14 days of ART after onset