Safety and Efficacy of Cabazitaxel in Pediatric Patients With Refractory Solid Tumors Including Central Nervous System Tumors

Inclusion criteria

Phase 1 Part (dose escalation): Participants with a histologically confirmed solid tumor including tumors of the central nervous system that was recurrent or refractory and for which no further effective standard treatment was available. All participants must had measurable disease. Participants with diffuse pontine glioma were eligible without a biopsy after evidence of progressive disease post radiation therapy.

Phase 2 Part (safety and activity): Participants with recurrent or refractory high grade glioma or diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma for whom no further effective therapy was available. All participants must had measurable disease. Participants with diffuse pontine glioma were eligible without a biopsy after evidence of progressive disease post radiation therapy. Participants with a grade III or grade IV glioma must had pathologic confirmation either at the time of initial diagnosis or at the time of recurrence.

Participants aged ≥2 years and ≤18 years

Participants met the body surface area (BSA) requirements to be eligible:

• Minimal BSA requirements for a particular dose level;
• During the Phase 1 part participants must had a BSA 10 years of age) Participants who were unable to walk because of paralysis, but who were mobile in a wheelchair, were considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score.

Participants must had adequate liver, renal and marrow function as defined below:

• Total bilirubin ≤1.0 x the upper limit of normal (ULN) for age
• AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT) ≤2.5 x ULN
• Serum creatinine ≤1.5 x ULN for age or creatinine clearance ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m²
• Absolute neutrophil count ≥1.0x10^9 /L
• Platelets ≥75x10^9/L (transfusion independent)
• Hemoglobin ≥8.0 g/dL (could be transfused)

Female participants of child-bearing potential must had a negative pregnancy test ≤7 days before starting cabazitaxel treatment.

Male and female participants of reproductive potential must agreed to use adequate contraception prior to study entry, for the duration of study participation and for 6 months following the last dose of cabazitaxel.

Written informed consent/assent prior to any study-specific procedures. Consent must be obtained from the participant and/or parent(s) or legal guardian(s) and the signature of at least one parent or guardian was required. Investigators also obtained assent of participants according to local, regional or national guidelines.

Participants must have recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior therapy to ≤ grade 1 before entering the study.

Exclusion criteria

Prior treatment within the following timeframes:

• Systemic anti-cancer treatment within 3 weeks (6 weeks for nitrosourea, mitomycin and monoclonal antibodies including bevacizumab)
• Surgery or smaller field radiation therapy within 4 weeks
• Treatment with an investigational agent within 4 weeks or within 5 half-lives of the agent, whichever was longer Craniospinal or other large field radiation therapy (defined as >25% of bone marrow irradiated) within 6 months prior to the first dose.

Prior systemic radioisotope therapy (this did not include diagnostic imaging or radioimmunoconjugates lacking myelosuppressive properties) or total body irradiation.

Prior bone marrow or stem cell transplant

Participants with any clinically significant illness that, in the investigator's opinion, could not be adequately controlled with appropriate therapy, would compromise a participant's ability to tolerate cabazitaxel or result in inability to assess toxicity. This included, but was not limited to uncontrolled intercurrent illness including ongoing or active infection, cardiac disease, renal impairment, planned surgery or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements.

Known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immunodeficiency-syndrome (AIDS)-related disease Known history of hepatitis C or known active hepatiti