Xenodiagnosis After Antibiotic Treatment for Lyme Disease

• INCLUSION CRITERIA

Criteria for the diagnosis and therapy for Lyme disease can be found at the clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

PATIENTS WITH LYME DISEASE, POST-THERAPY (N=100)

• Age 18 or older
• Lyme disease diagnosed in the previous 13 months, fulfilling the case definition of confirmed or probable Lyme disease by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/lyme-disease/case-definition/2017/).
• Completion of 1 course of antibiotics at least 3 months and up to 12 months between the end of the therapy and the xenodiagnostic procedure.
• Antibiotic treatment fulfills the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the recommended therapy for Lyme disease

PATIENTS WITH POST-LYME DISEASE COMPLAINTS AT LEAST 12 MONTHS FROM INITIAL TREATMENT (N=40)

• Age 18 or older.
• Diagnosed with confirmed or probable Lyme disease fulfilling the case definition of Lyme disease by the CDC (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/lyme-disease/case-definition/2017/).
• Received recommended antibiotic therapy for Lyme disease 5 at least 12 months between the end of the initial antibiotic therapy and the xenodiagnostic procedure.
• Persistent or recurrent symptoms that began or worsened within 6 months of the diagnosis and treatment for Lyme disease.

ACUTE EM (N=40)

• Age 18 or older.
• EM diagnosed by the study physician.
• Receiving antibiotic therapy for Lyme disease for less than 48 hours.

LYME ARTHRITIS (N=40)

• Age 18 or older.
• Lyme arthritis and have not received antibiotic therapy for the disease.

HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS (N=20)

• Age 18 or older.
• No prior history of Lyme disease.
• Negative whole cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or C6-based antibody test for Lyme disease.

Patients with recently diagnosed (acute) EM (within 48 hours of starting antibiotic therapy) and patients with untreated Lyme arthritis will be recruited in an attempt to increase the chances of finding a positive result by xenodiagnosis (an attempt of a positive control) While patients with acute untreated EM would be the best positive control group, it would be unethical to withhold therapy in these patients for the few days required for tick feeding, due to the risk of dissemination of the organism and possible morbidity. Patients with untreated Lyme arthritis will be recruited to establish whether xenodiagnosis can be used to identify infection in late stage Lyme patients where the bacterium is known to be present. These patients have been infected for months and will not be harmed for delaying therapy for a few days. Lyme arthritis is a late manifestation of B. burgdorferi infection, and hematogenous dissemination already occurred at this late stage. Studies have shown that the presence or absence of previous antibiotic treatment is more predictive than the duration of untreated arthritis for the success of antibiotic therapy in Lyme arthritis. Similarly, patients who just started therapy for EM may still have live Borrelia in the skin and xenodiagnosis may be able to recover the bacteria (but culture of skin biopsies from patients with EM become negative very quickly - within one dose - on antibiotic therapy).

While treatment for Lyme disease will not be offered under this protocol, it may be available via different clinical research protocols or regular medical care at the study site. If not, treatment will be prescribed by the patient's primary care. For patients with untreated early Lyme disease (erythema migrans), antibiotics can be started at the same day of tick placement. For patients with untreated Lyme arthritis, antibiotics can be started after collection of xenodiagnostic ticks (usually 4-5 days, up to 7 days). For patients with Lyme arthritis, if less than 14 ticks fed successfully and if the partici