Responses to Rabies Vaccine in Adults With or Without Antibiotics

Inclusion Criteria

• Healthy individuals aged 18-49 years.
• Able to understand and give informed consent.
• Women of child-bearing potential (not surgically sterile via tubal ligation, bilateral oophorectomy or hysterectomy or who are not postmenopausal for ≥1 year) must agree to practice adequate contraception that may include, but is not limited to, abstinence, monogamous relationship with vasectomized partner, barrier methods such as condoms, diaphragms, spermicides, intrauterine devices, and licensed hormonal methods for 28 days before and 28 days after Rabies vaccination.

Exclusion Criteria

• Receipt of the following:
• Receipt of blood products 3 months prior to vaccination or expected receipt through 12 months after vaccination.
• Receipt of any live virus vaccines within 28 days prior to vaccination or expected receipt within 28 days after vaccination.
• Receipt of any inactivated vaccine within 14 days or expected receipt within 14 days after vaccination.
• Receipt of any antibiotic 3 months prior to vaccination or expected receipt 28 days after vaccination.
• Receipt of probiotics and prebiotics 3 months prior to vaccination or expected receipt 28 days after vaccination.
• Receipt of proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor blockers, or antacids 3 months prior to vaccination or expected receipt 28 days after vaccination.
• Presence of co-morbidities or immunosuppressive states such as:
• Chronic medical problems including (but not limited to) insulin dependent diabetes, severe heart disease (including arrhythmias), severe lung disease, auto immune diseases, thrombocytopenia and grade 4 hypertension. Grade 4 hypertension per CTCAE criteria is defined as Life-threatening consequences (e.g., malignant hypertension, transient or permanent neurologic deficit, hypertensive).
• Chronic neurologic conditions including seizure disorder, Parkinson's disease, myasthenia gravis, neuropathy, or history of encephalopathy, meningitis or ototoxicity.
• Any history of gastrointestinal disease including (but not only): documented bacterial gastroenteritis or gastroenteritis associated with fever or associated with presence of blood/mucus in stools in the last 3 months, inflammatory bowel disease, and/or gastrointestinal surgery.
• Any history of kidney or liver diseases.
• Alcohol abuse, drug abuse, or psychiatric conditions that in the opinion of the investigator would preclude compliance with the trial or interpretation of safety or endpoint data.
• Any history of lymphoma involving axillary nodes or any history of breast cancer.
• Impaired immune function or known chronic infections including, but not limited to, known HIV, tuberculosis, hepatitis B or C; organ transplantation (bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cell, or solid organ transplant); immunosuppression due to cancer; current and/or expected receipt of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, steroids (i.e., more than 20 mg of prednisone given daily or on alternative days for 2 weeks or more in the past 90 days, or high dose inhaled corticosteroids); and any other immunosuppressive therapies, functional or anatomic asplenia, or congenital immunodeficiency. Subjects receiving > 20 mg/day of prednisone or its equivalent daily or on alternate days for more than 2 weeks may enter the study after therapy has been discontinued for more than 3 months and Subjects are excluded if on high dose intranasal steroids defined as > 960 mcg/day of beclomethasone dipropionate or equivalent.
• Pregnancy or breast feeding
• Conditions that could affect the safety of the volunteers, such as:
• Severe reactions to prior vaccinations, including anaphylaxis
• History of Guillain-Barré syndrome
• History of bleeding disorders or current use of warfarin, aspirin, heparin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or other blood thinner/anticoagulant medications in the past week (for subjects undergoing lymph node sampling)
• Use of anticonvulsants
• Use of digoxin or other forms of digitalis
• Any a