Full-Time Occlusion Therapy for Intermittent Exotropia in Children

Inclusion Criteria

Children under the care of a pediatric optometrist or pediatric ophthalmologist will be eligible for the study if they meet all the following criteria:

• Age 3 to =63 letters)
• 4 years: 20/40 or better (>=68 letters)
• 5-6 years: 20/32 or better (>=73 letters)
• 7- =78 letters)
• Interocular difference in distance VA of 2 logMAR lines or less (10 letters or less on E-ETDRS for patients ≥7 years old). Testing by ATS HOTV for participants 3 to -0.50 D spherical equivalent (SE) in either eye
• Anisometropia > 1.00 D SE
• Astigmatism in either eye > 1.00 D
• Any refractive correction worn at enrollment (required or not) must meet the following guidelines based on a cycloplegic refraction within 7 months:
• Anisometropia SE must be within 0.50 D of the full anisometropic difference correction
• Astigmatism must be corrected within 0.50 D
• Axis must be within ±10 degrees if cylinder power is ≤1.00 D and within ±5 degrees if cylinder power is >1.00 D.
• For hyperopia, the spherical component can be reduced at investigator discretion provided the reduction is symmetrical and does not meet the definition of deliberate overminus (see below).
• For myopia, the intent is to fully correct, but the spherical component can be undercorrected at investigator discretion provided the reduction is symmetrical and results in no more than -0.50 D SE residual (i.e., uncorrected) myopia. Deliberate overminus is not allowed.
• Deliberate overminus is defined for this protocol as any refractive correction prescribed to yield lenses that are overminused by more than -0.50D SE than cycloplegic refraction SE
• Less than the full cycloplegic hyperopic correction (i.e., prescribing reduced plus) is not considered the same as overminusing for this protocol (because most patients without IXT but with hyperopic SE refractions up to +2.00 D SE would not typically be prescribed a refractive correction.)
• For refractive errors with an emmetropic or myopic SE, the intent is to fully correct, but the spherical component can be undercorrected at investigator discretion provided the reduction is symmetrical and results in no more than -0.50 D SE residual (i.e., uncorrected) myopia. Prescribing a correction that yields more than 0.50 D more minus SE than the cycloplegic refraction SE is considered deliberate overminus and is not allowed.
• Note that the refractive correction guidelines and the requirement to wear refractive correction for at least 2 weeks apply not only to participants who require refractive correction under the above criteria but also to any other participant who is wearing refractive correction.
• Gestational age > 30 weeks
• Birth weight > 1500 grams
• Patient and/or parent understands protocol, is willing to enroll, and is willing to accept that other (i.e., nonrandomized) treatment for IXT will not be offered by the investigator for 3 months
• Parent has phone and is willing to be contacted by Jaeb Center staff
• Relocation outside of area of an active PEDIG site within 3 months not anticipated

Exclusion Criteria

Individuals meeting any of the following criteria at baseline will be excluded from study participation:

• Prior strabismus, intraocular, or refractive surgery (including BOTOX injection)
• Prior nonsurgical treatment for IXT (e.g., patching, vergence therapy, vision therapy/orthoptics, base-in prism, or deliberate overminus (more than 1.00 D) spectacles of >1week duration within the past year
• Previous amblyopia treatment other than refractive correction
• Diplopia more than 2 times per day by parental assessment
• Paretic or restrictive strabismus
• Craniofacial malformations affecting the orbits
• Ocular disorders which would reduce VA (except refractive error)
• Severe developmental delay that would interfere with treatment or evaluation (in the opinion of the investigator). Participants with mild speech delay or reading and/or learning disabilities or ADHD are not excluded.
• Neur