N/A
N=507
A Study of Hookah Café Customers in the Atlanta Area
Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking
Bottom Line
View on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05916170 ↗Enrolled (actual)
507
Serious AEs
0.0%
Results posted
Dec 2025
Primary outcome: Primary: Change in Expired Carbon Monoxide (eCO Boost) — 25.7; 23.5 parts per million
Study Design & Population
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- N/A
- Interventions
- Health Warnings (Behavioral); No Warnings (Behavioral)
- Age
- Adult, Older Adult · 18+ yrs
- Sex
- All
- Sponsor
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences
- Primary completion
- Nov 2024
Outcome Measures
| Outcome | Result | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| PRIMARY Change in Expired Carbon Monoxide (eCO Boost) |
25.7; 23.5 | — |
Summary
The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of health warnings on waterpipe smoking behavior in a real-world setting. The primary hypothesis is that hookah café customers who are in the intervention (warning) arm will smoke less than customers who are in the control (no warning) arm, determined by differences in the boost in expired carbon monoxide from café entry to after café exit.
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
- Planning to enter the hookah café where study is being conducted
- Age 18 or older
- English speaking
- Planning to smoke hookah inside
- Not planning to smoke cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos or marijuana while at the hookah café
- Had not previously entered the café earlier in the day on the same day/night as data collection
- Has not been approached to participate in the study at another café or another day/night at the current café
- Are not employees of the business
- Have capacity to participate as determined by the staff member conducting eligibility screening
Exclusion Criteria
- Not planning to enter the hookah café where the study is being conducted
- Age 17 and under
- Non-English speaking
- Not planning to smoke hookah in the café
- Planning to smoke cigarettes, cigars, or marijuana while at the hookah café
- Are employees of the business
- Had previously entered the café on the same day/night as data collection
- Has not been approached to participate in the study previously
- Does not have capacity to participate as determined by the staff member conducting eligibility screening
Data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05916170). Outcome figures and adverse-event rates are extracted automatically from the registry's posted results and are provided for clinician reference, not as a substitute for the primary publication.