N/A N=68 Randomized Other

Preventing Medication Dispensing Errors in Pharmacy Practice With Interpretable Machine Intelligence

Machine Intelligence in the Pharmacy

Bottom Line

View on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06245044 ↗

Enrolled (actual)

Serious AEs

0.0%

Results posted

Nov 2025

Primary outcome: Primary: Reaction Time — 3668; 4727; 4510 millisecond (ms)

Study Design & Population

Study type: Interventional
Phase: N/A
Interventions: No MI Help (Behavioral); Scenario #1 (Behavioral); Scenario #2 (Behavioral)
Age: Adult, Older Adult · 18+ yrs
Sex: All
Sponsor: University of Michigan
Primary completion: Dec 2024

Outcome Measures

Outcome	Result	p-value
PRIMARY Reaction Time	3668; 4727; 4510	—
PRIMARY Decision Accuracy	291; 238; 230	—
PRIMARY Trust Change	-0.1715; -0.0552	—
PRIMARY Trust	53.65; 60.37	—
SECONDARY Cognitive Effort	619.5; 687.5; 706.0; 365.0; 399.0; 419.0	—
SECONDARY Cognitive Effort	619.5; 687.5; 706.0; 365.0; 399.0; 419.0	—
SECONDARY Workload	7.4; 7.5; 6.9	—
SECONDARY Usability	72.1; 70.4; 73.0	—

Summary

Pharmacists currently perform an independent double-check to identify drug-selection errors before they can reach the patient. However, the use of machine intelligence (MI) to support this cognitive decision-making work by pharmacists does not exist in practice. This research is being conducted to examine the effectiveness of the timing of machine intelligence (MI) advice on to determine if it results in lower task time, increased accuracy, and increased trust in the MI.

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

Licensed pharmacist in the United States
Age 18 years and older at screening
PC/Laptop with Microsoft Windows 10 or Mac (Macbook, iMac) with MacOS with Google Chrome, Edge, Opera, Safari, or Firefox web browser installed on the device
Screen resolution of 1024x968 pixels or more
A laptop integrated webcam or USB webcam is also required for the eye tracking purpose.

Exclusion Criteria

Participated in Wave 1 or Wave 2
Eyeglasses
Uncorrected cataracts, intraocular implants, glaucoma, or permanently dilated pupil
Require a screen reader/magnifier or other assistive technology to use the computer
Eye movement or alignment abnormalities (lazy eye, strabismus, nystagmus)

View full record on ClinicalTrials.gov →

Data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06245044). Outcome figures and adverse-event rates are extracted automatically from the registry's posted results and are provided for clinician reference, not as a substitute for the primary publication.