Systematic review on tertiary lymphoid structures in hepatocellular carcinoma
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Key Takeaway
Consider that tertiary lymphoid structures in HCC are an immune feature with evolving detection methods.
This is a systematic review on tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The scope covers TLS formation mechanisms, structural characteristics, spatial distribution, and detection methods within the tumor microenvironment.
The authors synthesize that TLS are important ectopic immune aggregates in HCC. They can be classified into intratumoral and peritumoral types, which have distinct predictive values. However, the clinical significance of peritumoral mature TLS remains controversial. Histopathological analysis is the gold standard for TLS detection, while CT/MRI radiomics and machine learning models show promising progress for non-invasive detection.
The review does not report a study population, sample size, or specific interventions. No pooled effect sizes or quantitative outcomes are provided. The authors acknowledge that the clinical significance of certain TLS types is not settled.
Practice relevance is not detailed. The findings suggest TLS are a relevant immune feature in HCC, but their routine clinical application is not established. The evidence is descriptive and does not support causal conclusions.
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View Original Abstract ↓
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are important ectopic immune aggregates that develop within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and have attracted increasing attention due to their potential clinical value. Recent studies have identified TLS as key players in prognosis assessment and immunotherapy response prediction in HCC, with their maturity and spatial distribution being critical determinants of clinical outcomes. TLS can be classified into intratumoral and peritumoral types, which exhibit distinct predictive values; the clinical significance of peritumoral mature TLS remains controversial. Histopathological analysis remains the gold standard for detecting TLS structure and composition. In recent years, predictive models based on CT/MRI radiomics and machine learning have achieved promising progress in non-invasive detection. This review summarizes and analyzes the formation mechanism of TLS in HCC, emphasizes their structural characteristics, spatial distribution, clinical value, and detection methods, presents current challenges and research directions, and provides a new perspective for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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