Does having hypothyroidism increase the risk of chronic kidney disease?
Hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone, may affect kidney function. Research shows a link between hypothyroidism and chronic kidney disease (CKD), but it is not fully understood whether hypothyroidism directly causes CKD or if other factors are involved. A large meta-analysis found that people with hypothyroidism are about twice as likely to have CKD compared to those without hypothyroidism 3. However, the same analysis did not find a significant link between hypothyroidism and developing new CKD over time 3.
What the research says
A 2024 meta-analysis of 46 studies examined the relationship between hypothyroidism and kidney disease 3. It found that both overt hypothyroidism (clear thyroid hormone deficiency) and subclinical hypothyroidism (mild thyroid hormone elevation) were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of CKD. The odds of having CKD were about 1.94 times higher for overt hypothyroidism and 1.87 times higher for subclinical hypothyroidism 3. The analysis also showed that people with hypothyroidism had lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a measure of kidney function 3. However, when looking at new cases of CKD (incidence), the association was not significant, and there was no significant link to end-stage renal disease in those with existing kidney problems 3. This suggests that while hypothyroidism is common in people with CKD, it may not be a direct cause of new kidney damage.
Another study on lithium treatment for bipolar disorder found that lithium use increased the risk of both hypothyroidism and CKD, but the study did not directly test whether hypothyroidism itself raises CKD risk 7. In cats, treatment for hyperthyroidism can lead to iatrogenic hypothyroidism (caused by treatment), which then increases the risk of kidney problems 8. This animal research supports the idea that thyroid function and kidney health are closely connected.
It is important to note that the meta-analysis included many different study designs, and the results may be influenced by other health conditions common in people with hypothyroidism, such as high blood pressure or diabetes 3. More research is needed to clarify whether treating hypothyroidism with levothyroxine can improve kidney outcomes. The meta-analysis found no significant improvement in kidney function with levothyroxine treatment, but this was based on limited data 3.
What to ask your doctor
- Should I have my kidney function checked regularly if I have hypothyroidism?
- Could my thyroid medication dose affect my kidney health?
- What is my estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and what does it mean for me?
- Do I have any other conditions, like high blood pressure or diabetes, that might increase my risk of kidney disease?
- If I have both hypothyroidism and CKD, how should my treatment be coordinated?
This question is drawn from common patient questions about Nephrology and answered using cited medical research. We do not provide individualized advice.