How common is anemia among pregnant women who participate in the WIC program?
Anemia, or low hemoglobin, is common in pregnancy and can raise risks for both mother and baby. Among pregnant women in the WIC program, national data show that about 1 in 9 had anemia at enrollment in 2018. The rate has been slowly rising over the past decade.
What the research says
A 2022 CDC report using WIC data from 2008-2018 found that anemia prevalence among pregnant WIC participants at enrollment increased from 10.1% to 11.4% — a 13% rise 7. The increase was significant in 36 of 56 state agencies and decreased in only 11 7. Anemia was more common among non-Hispanic Black women and among women assessed later in pregnancy 7. Earlier studies of WIC participants also highlight nutritional challenges: one 2001 study found that 90% of pregnant WIC women consumed less than two-thirds of the recommended dietary allowance for iron, and 22% had low iron stores based on serum ferritin 8. Another study linked pica (eating non-food items like ice or starch) to lower hemoglobin at delivery 9. These findings suggest that iron deficiency is a major driver of anemia in this population.
What to ask your doctor
- What is my hemoglobin level and am I anemic?
- Should I have my iron levels checked (like ferritin)?
- What foods or supplements can help prevent or treat anemia during pregnancy?
- Are there any symptoms of anemia I should watch for, like fatigue or shortness of breath?
- How does anemia affect my baby's health and my delivery?
This question is drawn from common patient questions about OB/GYN & Women's Health and answered using cited medical research. We do not provide individualized advice.