How does RNA methylation impact rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases?
RNA methylation is a chemical modification that affects how genes are turned on or off without changing the DNA itself. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune diseases, this process appears to be disrupted. Studies show that levels of a specific RNA methylation called N6-methyladenosine (m6A) are higher in the joint tissues of people with RA, and this may contribute to inflammation and joint damage 9. While research is still early, understanding RNA methylation could lead to new ways to diagnose or treat autoimmune conditions.
What the research says
A 2024 study found that m6A RNA methylation levels were elevated in the synovial tissue (the lining of joints) and in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from RA patients 9. These FLSs behave like tumor cells, growing too much and invading bone. The study also showed that METTL3, an enzyme that adds m6A marks, was increased in RA synovium 9. When researchers boosted METTL3 in lab-grown FLSs, the cells grew faster and moved more, suggesting that m6A methylation helps drive the aggressive behavior of these cells 9.
A broader review of autoimmune rheumatic diseases (including RA, lupus, and others) confirms that RNA methylation plays a key role in inflammation and immune responses 5. The review notes that RNA modifications can affect how immune cells work and how inflammation spreads, making them a promising area for new treatments 5.
Another review focusing on transposable elements (bits of DNA that can move around the genome) found that changes in DNA methylation (a different type of epigenetic mark) are also linked to RA and other autoimmune diseases 6. When these elements lose their methylation, they can become active and trigger an immune response that mimics a viral infection, fueling inflammation 6. This adds to the picture that epigenetic changes, including RNA methylation, are important in autoimmune disease.
What to ask your doctor
- Could RNA methylation testing ever be used to help diagnose or monitor my rheumatoid arthritis?
- Are there any treatments being studied that target RNA methylation pathways for autoimmune diseases?
- How do current RA treatments, like biologics or DMARDs, affect epigenetic changes such as RNA methylation?
- Should I be aware of any lifestyle factors that might influence RNA methylation and my disease activity?
This question is drawn from common patient questions about Rheumatology and answered using cited medical research. We do not provide individualized advice.