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Healthcare-related time toxicity impacts women managing gestational diabetes mellitus in outpatient settingsManaging gestational diabetes can create a heavy burden of time

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Key Takeaway
Note that women with GDM experience significant time toxicity from hospital follow-up and conflicting work and family roles.

This qualitative descriptive study explores the experiences of 13 women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) regarding healthcare-related time toxicity. The study identifies four primary themes: the addition of a new timetable to pregnancy, the visibility of time costs during hospital follow-up, the compression of time due to work and family roles, and the need for support to reduce decision burdens.

Findings indicate that the time burden is not caused by GDM tasks alone. Instead, it is influenced by the organization of services, family caregiving, work schedules, and outpatient processes. The study suggests that the management of GDM creates a significant time burden for patients, which may be mitigated by better coordination and support.

Practice relevance includes the potential for improved coordination of appointments to reduce travel and waiting, as well as the use of online blood glucose reviews and user-friendly support from midwives or educators. However, the study is limited by a small sample size of 13 participants and provides qualitative rather than quantitative data. The results should be interpreted as an exploration of patient experience rather than a measure of clinical outcomes.

How this fits prior evidence

This study addresses a gap in the qualitative experience of managing gestational diabetes mellitus. While prior evidence confirms that GDM is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes and increased long-term risk of type 2 diabetes, this study focuses on the practical, daily burdens of management. It complements evidence regarding the use of continuous glucose monitoring by highlighting the logistical and time-related barriers patients face during outpatient care.

Managing gestational diabetes is already a physical and emotional challenge. New research highlights another hidden hurdle: the heavy toll of time. For many women, the condition adds a demanding new timetable to their pregnancy, making every day feel like a race against the clock.

Researchers spoke with women in a clinic in China to understand these experiences. They found that the time burden does not come just from the medical tasks themselves. Instead, it is shaped by how services are organized, the demands of work schedules, and the pressure of balancing family roles. These factors can make the management of the condition feel overwhelming.

While the study involved a small group of 13 women, it highlights a clear need for better support. To help ease this burden, the findings suggest that more user-friendly support from nurses and midwives, online tools for checking blood sugar, and better coordination of appointments could help women spend less time traveling and waiting.

What this means for you:
Managing gestational diabetes often creates a heavy time burden due to work, family, and clinic organization.

Common questions

What makes managing gestational diabetes so time-consuming?

The time burden is not caused by the medical tasks alone. It is shaped by several factors, including the organization of healthcare services, the demands of work schedules, and the pressure of fulfilling family roles. These factors combine to make managing the condition feel like a heavy burden on a woman's daily life.

How can healthcare providers help reduce the time burden?

The study suggests several ways to help, such as providing user-friendly support from nurses or midwives, offering online blood glucose reviews, and improving the coordination of appointments. These changes aim to reduce the time women spend traveling, waiting, and making repetitive decisions.

Study Details

Study typeSystematic review
EvidenceLevel 1
PublishedSep 2026
View Original Abstract ↓
BackgroundGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) requires women to attend follow-up visits and complete repeated self-management tasks during pregnancy. These tasks include blood glucose monitoring, meal planning, physical activity, health education and medication when needed. They may create a time-related burden in daily life. However, little is known about women’s experiences of healthcare-related time toxicity during GDM management. This study aimed to explore women’s experiences of healthcare-related time toxicity and the perceived factors shaping these experiences.MethodsA qualitative descriptive study was conducted in the obstetric outpatient clinics of a tertiary teaching hospital in Henan Province, central China. Women with GDM were recruited using purposive sampling. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 participants. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using qualitative content analysis.ResultsFour themes and 13 subthemes were generated from the interview data: (1) GDM added a new timetable to pregnancy; (2) hospital follow-up made time costs visible; (3) work and family roles compressed time for GDM management; and (4) women needed support that reduced time and decision burden.ConclusionHealthcare-related time toxicity in GDM was experienced as both visible hospital time and hidden daily self-management work. Women’s time burden was not produced by GDM tasks alone. The organisation of services, family caregiving, work schedule, and outpatient processes also play a role. There is a need for the nurse, midwife, and/or diabetes educator to be specific and user-friendly in their support, such as providing clear examples of diet, review of blood glucose levels online in a timely fashion, and improved coordination of prenatal, nutrition and blood glucose-related appointments. These changes may decrease unnecessary traveling, waiting, and redundant decision-making, and assist women to incorporate the management of GDM into their daily lives more successfully.
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