Oral microbiome profiles differ by periodontitis stage in Korean adults

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Frontiers in Medicine Published April 27, 2026 Medically reviewed April 27, 2026 DOI ↗ By Dr. Amelia Tan, PhD · Internal Medicine & Chronic Disease

Key Takeaway

Consider that oral microbiome profiles vary by periodontitis stage, but this pilot study requires validation.

This pilot prospective cross-sectional study enrolled 74 Korean adults to profile the oral microbiome by periodontitis stage, comparing healthy controls, Stage I-II, and Stage III-IV periodontitis. The primary outcome was oral microbiome profiles, including alpha diversity, beta diversity, differential abundance, and the core microbiome.

Stage III-IV periodontitis was associated with significantly higher alpha diversity (Shannon, Simpson, Pielou's evenness) compared to both healthy and Stage I-II groups, with increased evenness rather than species richness. Beta diversity showed significant community-level separation across groups (p = 0.001), after adjustment for age, sex, and smoking. Differential abundance analysis identified 14 genera significantly associated with disease status; 12 genera were enriched in Stage III-IV, while Rothia and Kingella were enriched in periodontal health. The core microbiome included 40 universally present genera, with Anaeroglobus detected exclusively in Stage III-IV (100% prevalence).

No safety or tolerability data were reported, as this was a microbiome profiling study. Key limitations include its pilot nature and limited comprehensive profiling across periodontal disease stages in Korean adults. The study provides a foundation for developing microbiome-based diagnostic tools for periodontal disease assessment in Korean populations, but the associations reported support the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model of periodontitis pathogenesis without establishing causality.

Study Details

Study typeCohort

EvidenceLevel 3

PublishedApr 2026

View Original Abstract ↓

BackgroundPeriodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by oral microbial dysbiosis. Although the oral microbiome has been characterized in diverse populations, comprehensive profiling across periodontal disease stages defined by the 2018 AAP/EFP classification remains limited in Korean adults.MethodsIn this pilot prospective cross-sectional study, oral microbiome profiles were characterized in 74 participants classified into three groups: healthy controls (n = 24), Stage I–II periodontitis (n = 12), and Stage III–IV periodontitis (n = 38). Mouthwash samples were collected and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3–V4 hypervariable region. Alpha diversity, beta diversity (PERMANOVA with sequential covariate adjustment for age, sex, and smoking), differential abundance (MaAsLin2), and core microbiome analyses were performed.ResultsStage III–IV periodontitis was associated with significantly higher Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity, and Pielou’s evenness compared to both healthy and Stage I–II groups, indicating increased evenness rather than species richness. Beta diversity analyses revealed significant community-level separation across groups after adjustment for demographic confounders (allp = 0.001). Differential abundance analysis identified 14 genera significantly associated with disease status. Twelve genera were enriched in Stage III–IV, including established periodontal pathogens Tannerella and Treponema, as well as emerging pathobionts Filifactor and Fretibacterium. Rothia and Kingella were enriched in periodontal health, consistent with their roles in nitrate reduction and maintenance of a health-compatible oral environment. Core microbiome analysis identified 40 universally present genera, with Anaeroglobus detected exclusively in Stage III–IV at 100% prevalence.ConclusionThese findings support the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model of periodontitis pathogenesis and provide a foundation for developing microbiome-based diagnostic tools for periodontal disease assessment in Korean populations.