Botulinum toxin injections and neuromodulation show therapeutic potential for post-stroke limb spasticity.

This narrative review evaluated evidence regarding interventions for post-stroke limb spasticity. The analysis included 68 studies covering botulinum toxin injections, neuromodulation methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation, as well as rehabilitation and surgery. No specific comparator group was reported in the synthesis.

Regarding primary outcomes, botulinum toxin injection was identified as effective for the alleviation of post-stroke limb spasticity. Neuromodulation methods also demonstrated significant therapeutic potential. The review did not report absolute numbers, effect sizes, p-values, or confidence intervals for these findings.

Safety and tolerability data were not reported in the included studies. The review did not provide details on adverse events, serious adverse events, discontinuations, or overall tolerability profiles for the interventions discussed.

Key limitations highlighted include the necessity for additional randomized controlled trials to optimize stimulation settings and confirm the long-term effectiveness of neuromodulation techniques. The review did not report funding sources or conflicts of interest. In terms of practice relevance, botulinum toxin injection has emerged as the primary choice for managing focal spasticity based on the available evidence.