Review of Non-small cell lung cancer without reported intervention or outcomes

Photo by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases / Unsplash

Frontiers in Medicine Published May 23, 2026 Medically reviewed May 23, 2026 Study authors: Jie Jiang, Mingqiang Zhong, Jian Wang, Zhiya Zhang, Wenqiang Li, Zhiping Deng DOI ↗ By Dr. Julia Lee, PhD · Oncology, Genomics & Drug Development

Key Takeaway

Note that this review lacks reported interventions or outcomes for non-small cell lung cancer.

This publication is a narrative review focused on non-small cell lung cancer. The scope encompasses patients with this condition, but the text does not specify a particular intervention or exposure. The authors indicate that the sample size was not reported, and the setting remains undefined within the provided data.

The review does not present pooled effect sizes or primary outcomes because these details were not reported in the source material. Similarly, secondary outcomes, adverse events, and tolerability data are absent from the input. The authors acknowledge that follow-up duration was not reported, which prevents assessment of long-term effects.

Due to the lack of reported interventions, comparators, and safety profiles, the practice relevance is not explicitly defined. The limitations of this review include the absence of specific study details required for clinical decision-making. Causality cannot be established given the observational nature of the available information.

Study Details

Study typeSystematic review

EvidenceLevel 1

PublishedMay 2026

View Original Abstract ↓

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most prevalent form of lung malignancy, remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality despite advances in surgery, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. A growing body of evidence implicates the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) as a critical determinant of disease progression, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. This review synthesizes current insights into the roles of innate and adaptive immune populations—including tumor-associated macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells—in shaping tumor dynamics. Special emphasis is placed on the phenotypic plasticity and functional reprogramming of these immune subsets within the TIME. We further discuss the implications of immune cell heterogeneity for immunotherapy response and resistance. By highlighting the interplay between tumor cells and the immune landscape, this review underscores the potential for TIME-informed strategies to optimize patient stratification and advance combinatorial immunotherapeutic approaches in NSCLC.