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Sports events serve as instruments for soft power projection and urban redevelopment through infrastructure projectsSports Events Serve as Tools for Economic and Political Power

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Key Takeaway
Recognize that sports events function as complex tools for soft power but may result in unequal development and ethical risks.

This systematic mapping and scoping review synthesizes literature from 2015 to 2025 regarding the use of sports events as instruments for economic growth, political communication, and soft power projection. The scope includes an analysis of sport governance, reputational positioning, and the concept of sportswashing.

The synthesis indicates that image building is increasingly realized through stadium construction and urban redevelopment projects. While hosting global sporting events can increase a nation's economic visibility and soft power, the review notes these actions can also intensify spatial inequalities and raise ethical concerns regarding governance transparency. Sportswashing was identified as an embedded concept within the broader research landscape rather than a standalone field.

Several limitations were noted in the current literature, including a lack of quantitative evidence concerning long-term economic effects and insufficient data on infrastructure legacies as political tools. The review highlights that while sports events are potent tools for soft power, their developmental outcomes remain uneven. These findings suggest that policymakers must weigh immediate visibility against potential long-term inequalities.

This review mapped out how global sports events function as more than just games. Researchers looked at how these events act as tools for economic growth, political influence, and building a country's reputation. They found that while hosting these events can increase visibility, it is often tied to massive infrastructure projects like stadium construction and urban redevelopment.

The research shows that the practice of using sports to improve an image, sometimes called sportswashing, is part of a larger trend in how nations project power. However, the study notes that these outcomes are not always positive for everyone. While some areas may see growth, others might face increased inequality or unclear benefits from the new infrastructure.

Because this was a mapping review of existing literature rather than a primary study, there is limited data on long plans for economic success. The researchers also noted that more information is needed regarding how transparent these projects are and what happens to the buildings after the event ends. Readers should see this as an overview of current trends in sports and politics.

What this means for you:
Hosting major sports events can boost a region's image but may lead to uneven economic results and ethical issues.

Common questions

What is sportswashing in this context?

The study found that sportswashing is not an isolated topic. Instead, it is embedded within a larger landscape of using sports events for soft power projection and reputation building. It is often linked to large-scale infrastructure projects like stadium construction and urban redevelopment.

What are the risks of hosting global sporting events?

While these events can increase economic visibility, they also bring risks. The research indicates that hosting can lead to ethical concerns, intensified spatial inequalities, and uneven developmental outcomes for the local areas involved.

What are the limitations of the current research?

There is currently limited quantitative evidence regarding long-term economic effects. Additionally, there is not enough information on governance transparency or a deep comparison of how infrastructure serves as a political tool.

Study Details

Study typeSystematic review
EvidenceLevel 1
PublishedJun 2026
View Original Abstract ↓
This article examines how sports events are conceptualized in scholarly literature as economic and political instruments of image creation, soft power projection, sport governance, reputational positioning, and sportswashing. The study adopts a systematic mapping/scoping review design using bibliometric performance analysis and science mapping to examine publications indexed in Scopus and Web of Science between 2015 and 2025. The analysis identifies key thematic clusters, international collaboration patterns, and relationships between sport events, infrastructure development, governance, and political communication. The findings show that sportswashing appears as an embedded concept within a wider research landscape rather than as an isolated research stream. Contemporary image-building through sport is increasingly materialized through stadium construction, infrastructure megaprojects, and urban redevelopment. Hosting global sporting events can enhance economic visibility and soft power, but it also raises ethical concerns, intensifies spatial inequalities, and produces uneven developmental outcomes. Identified research gaps include limited quantitative evidence on long-term economic effects, insufficient assessment of governance transparency, and underdeveloped comparative analysis of infrastructural legacies as political tools.
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