Exercise links to health benefits, but direct causation remains associative

This narrative review examines the relationship between exercise and various health outcomes. The study does not report a specific sample size or population, as it is a review rather than a primary trial. The authors note that while exercise is linked to benefits, direct causation remains associative. They point out that significant knowledge gaps exist in the current understanding of these connections. The review advocates for the use of multi-omics and in vivo models to better understand these complex relationships and translate discoveries into new therapeutic strategies. Emerging evidence from non-exercise models, such as BCG vaccination and beta-glucan exposure, suggests parallels to exercise effects. However, the text explicitly states that direct causation in exercise remains associative. Safety concerns were not reported in this review. Readers should understand that this is a narrative review and not a practice-changing trial. The main reason to be careful is that the evidence is limited and does not prove direct causation. This information helps clarify the current state of knowledge without overstating the findings.