This article is a narrative review looking at extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells, adipose tissue, bone marrow, placenta, or amniotic membrane. These vesicles were studied in preclinical models of ovarian and testicular failure caused by premature ovarian insufficiency, chemotherapy, or genetic disorders. The review compared these vesicles to live-cell transplantation.
Researchers looked at several secondary outcomes, including the restoration of folliculogenesis and spermatogenesis, normalization of hormonal profiles, and regulation of apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. The review did not report specific safety concerns, adverse events, or discontinuations because the evidence comes from preclinical models rather than human trials. Consequently, there is no data on how well these treatments are tolerated by people.
Readers should understand that this is early, preclinical research with significant limitations regarding EV heterogeneity and standardization. The findings describe potential biological effects in lab settings but do not prove that this therapy is ready for human use. Until more research is done, patients should not expect these results to translate directly to clinical practice.