Scientists examined data from sixteen different studies involving 3,852 bacterial samples collected in Indonesia. They looked specifically for a dangerous type of bacteria called Pseudomonas aeruginosa that has become resistant to carbapenem antibiotics. These drugs are often the last line of defense against severe infections, making resistance a major concern for patient safety.
The overall results showed that 43 percent of the tested bacteria were resistant to these critical medicines. When looking at specific regions, the rate was even higher in some areas. For example, about half of the samples from Yogyakarta, West Java, and other places showed this dangerous resistance. Other regions like Jakarta and East Java also had high numbers of resistant bacteria.
The differences between the studies were very large, which makes it hard to draw one simple conclusion. Because of this variation, experts say that hospitals must improve their systems for watching for these resistant germs. They also recommend using smarter rules to decide when to use these strong antibiotics. Understanding the specific genes that cause resistance is also important for stopping the spread of these hard-to-treat infections.