This umbrella review and meta-analytic reanalysis looked at how breastfeeding and exposure to breast milk odor or taste affect pain in newborns. The study included term and preterm infants receiving care in neonatal settings. Researchers found large reductions in pain scores, crying duration, and heart rate when these exposures were used. Behavioral and physiological pain indicators also showed reduced levels, though the effect was smaller compared with direct breastfeeding.
No adverse events or serious safety concerns were reported in the review. The authors suggest these methods are safe for use in neonatal care. However, the review noted substantial differences across the studies included, such as variations in populations, procedures, timing, and how outcomes were measured. Some non-Cochrane reviews showed moderate-to-low methodological confidence due to issues like lack of protocol registration or incomplete reporting.
Readers should understand that while the evidence supports integrating breastfeeding or maternal milk sensory exposure into pain management protocols, the data comes from a review of existing studies with varying quality. This information helps clarify options for reducing pain in newborns but does not replace clinical judgment.