Narrative review of AI and simulation in medical education for student-centered learning

Medical physiology is a foundational component of medical education, offering vital details about normal human function and a deep understanding of disease processes. Traditionally taught through lectures, textbooks, and laboratory demonstrations, physiology education has progressively evolved in response to advances in technology and changing learner needs. This review examines the historical development of physiology teaching and synthesizes contemporary innovations that are transforming the educational landscape. Emphasis is placed on simulation-based education, hybrid and virtual classrooms, immersive technologies such as virtual and augmented reality, gamification, and student-centered learning strategies, all of which promote active engagement, conceptual understanding, and integration of physiological knowledge into clinical contexts. The review also explores the emerging role of artificial intelligence in physiology education, including personalized learning pathways, adaptive assessments, and real-time physiological simulations, with relevance for resource-limited settings. Innovations in assessment, competency-based medical education, interdisciplinary integration, and clinically oriented physiology teaching are highlighted as key contributors to improved learning outcomes. Additionally, the review addresses inclusivity and accessibility through the use of open educational resources and digital platforms that reduce disparities in educational access. Despite these advances, several challenges remain, including infrastructure limitations, faculty training gaps, institutional resistance, and ethical considerations surrounding the use of advanced technologies. Furthermore, the review outlines future directions focused on holistic learning environments, deeper clinical integration, and a balanced adoption of technology alongside traditional teaching methods. Overall, this narrative review highlights the importance of adopting a learner-centered, adaptable, and inclusive approach to physiology education that equips medical students for complex clinical practice and lifelong learning.