Incomplete nasolacrimal duct obstruction associated with severe upper eyelid meibomian gland loss

This prospective cross-sectional study evaluated 272 postmenopausal women, including 180 women with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) and 92 controls. The study investigated the relationship between different types of nasolacrimal duct obstruction and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).

The researchers compared incomplete nasolacrimal duct obstruction to complete nasolacrimal duct obstruction. The primary outcome measured was meibomian gland dysfunction, with secondary outcomes including severe upper eyelid meibomian gland loss, tear cytokine levels, and serum hormone levels.

Results indicated that incomplete obstruction showed the strongest independent association with severe upper eyelid meibomian gland loss, with a 95% CI of 2.48 to 8.82. While the study identifies this association, it does not establish a causal relationship between the obstruction and gland loss.

Safety and tolerability data, as well as specific follow-up durations, were not reported. Clinicians should interpret these findings as an observed association in a specific postmenopausal population rather than a proven cause-and-effect mechanism.