N/A N=37 Randomized Triple-blind Treatment

The Beneficial Effects of Healthy Snacks on Appetite Control, Satiety, and Reward-driven Eating Behavior in Young People

Obesity

Bottom Line

View on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01781286 ↗

Enrolled (actual)

Serious AEs

0.0%

Results posted

Jul 2018

Primary outcome: Primary: Time to Dinner Request — 158; 150; 140 minutes

Study Design & Population

Study type: Interventional
Phase: N/A
Interventions: High Protein (Behavioral); Low Protein (Behavioral)
Age: Pediatric, Adult · 13+ yrs
Sex: All
Sponsor: University of Missouri-Columbia
Primary completion: Oct 2013

Outcome Measures

Outcome	Result	p-value
PRIMARY Time to Dinner Request	158; 150; 140	—
SECONDARY Appetite Questionnaires	-5500; -3000; 3000	—
SECONDARY Snack Palatability and Perception Questionnaires	69; 80; NA	—
SECONDARY Attention & Memory Questionnaires	102; 106; 105; 107; 108; 105	—
SECONDARY Mood-state Questionnaires	43.5; 42.1; 42.3; 42.2; 41.8; 42.4	—
SECONDARY Energy Intake	3080; 3370; 3170	—

Summary

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of normal vs. protein-rich afternoon snacks on appetite control, satiety, and reward-driven eating (particularly in the evening) in young people. Indices of attention and mood will also be assessed. Study hypotheses include the following: 1. The consumption of a high-protein, soy-rich afternoon snack will lead to significant improvements in appetite control and satiety, reductions in food motivation and reward, and will delay the drive to eat in normal to overweight young people. 2. The consumption of a high-protein, soy-rich afternoon snack will lead to reduced unhealthy, evening snacking, particularly on foods high in fat and/or sugar, in normal to overweight young people. 3. The daily consumption of a high-protein, soy-rich afternoon snack will lead to significant improvements in afternoon alertness, concentration, fatigue, and well-being in normal to overweight young people.

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

Age range 13-19 years
Normal to overweight (BMI: 50-85th percentile for BMI for age or BMI: 18-29.9 kg/m2)
No metabolic, psychological, or neurological diseases/conditions
Not currently or previously on a weight loss or other special diet (in the past 6 months)
Not clinically diagnosed with an eating disorder
Habitually eat (i.e., at least 5 times/week) breakfast between 7:00-9:00 am, lunch between 11:00 am-1:00 pm, an afternoon snack between 2:00-4:00 pm, and dinner
No food allergies or intolerances to soy products
Rates the overall liking of the study snack foods higher than "Neither Like nor Dislike" on the screening palatability questionnaire
Right handed

Exclusion Criteria

Age 12 years or younger, or 20 years or older
Underweight or Obese (below 50th or above 85th percentile for BMI for age, or BMI below 18 or above 29.9 kg/m2)
Any metabolic, psychological, or neurological diseases/conditions
Currently or previously on a weight loss or other special diet (in the past 6 months)
Clinically diagnosed with an eating disorder
Does not habitually eat (i.e., at least 5 times/week) breakfast between 7:00-9:00 am, lunch between 11:00 am-1:00 pm, an afternoon snack between 2:00-4:00 pm, and dinner
Food allergies or intolerances to soy products
Does not rate the overall liking of the study snack foods higher than "Neither Like nor Dislike" on the screening palatability questionnaire
Not right handed

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Data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01781286). Outcome figures and adverse-event rates are extracted automatically from the registry's posted results and are provided for clinician reference, not as a substitute for the primary publication.