Intervention to Change Attributions That Are Negative (ICAN)

Inclusion Criteria

• History of complicated mild to severe TBI (injury due to an external physical force), with injury severity being defined either by Glasgow Coma Score at time of injury (≤12), or post-traumatic amnesia (≥1 day), or loss of consciousness (≥30 minutes), or positive head CT scan consistent with TBI.
• At least 18 years of age or older;
• ≥1 year post-injury;
• Have adequate vision, hearing, and speech/ language skills to participate in assessments and group therapy (determined based on interaction with the participant at screening)
• Have adequate reading comprehension (due to the primary assessment involving written scenarios)
• Have abnormal scores of negative attributions or perspective taking (determined at T0 screening)
• Have above average aggression (prescreened on telephone, and confirmed T0 screening).
• No anticipated medication changes for emotions/ behavior during length of study participation; medications for emotions/ behavior must be stable within last 30 days prior to consent at T0 (Screening)
• Have reliable mode of transportation

Exclusion criteria

• Pre-morbid neurological disorders that could affect mood and cognition (e.g. stroke); does not include controlled seizures
• Progressive central nervous system disorders (e.g. dementia, Parkinson's)
• Developmental disability (e.g., autism, developmental delay);
• Major psychiatric disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, Borderline Personality Disorder);
• Severe Depression and/or perceived risk to self or others (mental health resources will be provided and if suicide risk, approved suicide protocol will be utilized);
• Currently receiving active behavioral therapy for anger.
• On drug research study for irritability, anger, aggression