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Higher sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is associated with increased likelihood of ADHD symptoms in childrenSugar sweetened drinks linked to higher risk of ADHD symptoms

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Key Takeaway
Note that higher sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is associated with increased likelihood of ADHD symptoms.

This meta-analysis synthesized data from 461,109 participants to evaluate the relationship between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and the likelihood of ADHD or related symptoms in children and adolescents. The analysis found that higher SSB consumption was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of ADHD or related symptoms (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.02-1.48).

The authors noted several limitations, including moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 63.3%) and a prediction interval that crossed the null value (0.79-1.90). Additionally, the LFK index of 3.37 suggests potential publication bias or small-study effects. Because the evidence is derived from observational studies, these results indicate an association rather than a direct causal link.

Clinical application of these findings should be cautious. The uncertainty in effect estimates for future studies is noted due to the prediction interval crossing the null. Further high-quality prospective studies are required to clarify the relationship between sugar-sweetened beverages and ADHD symptoms in pediatric populations.

Parents often worry about what their children are drinking and how it affects their behavior. A large review of data from over 460,000 children and adolescents looked at the link between sugar sweetened beverages and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

The analysis found that children who consumed more sugar sweetened beverages were more likely to show symptoms of ADHD. However, it is important to remember that this study shows a link, not a direct cause. Because the data came from observational studies, we cannot say for certain that the drinks alone cause the behavior.

Researchers noted some uncertainty in the data, including differences in how different studies were conducted. While the results show a clear connection, experts suggest we need more high quality studies to understand the full picture. Talk with your doctor to discuss how your child's diet impacts their specific needs.

What this means for you:
Higher consumption of sugar sweetened beverages is linked to a higher likelihood of ADHD symptoms in children.

Common questions

Does drinking soda cause ADHD in children?

The study found a link between sugar sweetened beverages and an increased likelihood of ADHD symptoms, but it does not prove that the drinks cause the condition. Because the data came from observational studies, the results show an association rather than a direct cause. You should speak with a healthcare provider to discuss your child's specific health needs.

How many children were included in this study?

The analysis included a very large group of 461,109 children and adolescents. This large sample size helped researchers identify a significant link between sugar sweetened beverage consumption and the likelihood of ADHD or related symptoms.

How strong is the link between sugar and ADHD symptoms?

The study found that higher consumption of sugar sweetened beverages was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of ADHD symptoms. However, researchers noted that the results should be interpreted with caution because the data came from observational studies and showed some variation between different reports.

Study Details

Study typeMeta analysis
EvidenceLevel 1
PublishedSep 2026
View Original Abstract ↓
BackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children and adolescents. Previous studies have suggested a potential association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and ADHD or related symptoms; however, existing evidence remains inconsistent, and the magnitude of the association and sources of heterogeneity have not been comprehensively evaluated. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the association between SSB intake and ADHD or related symptoms in children and adolescents.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, APA PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library from inception to January 2026 for observational studies assessing the association between SSB consumption and ADHD or related symptoms. Adjusted effect estimates, including odds ratios (ORs), hazard ratios (HRs), or risk ratios (RRs), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted and converted to ORs as the common summary measure. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed, with 95% CIs calculated using the Hartung-Knapp adjustment. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Potential publication bias or small-study effects were evaluated using Doi plots and the Luis Furuya-Kanamori (LFK) index. Prespecified subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore sources of heterogeneity and assess the robustness of the findings.ResultsNine observational studies involving 461,109 children and adolescents were included. The meta-analysis showed that higher SSB consumption was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of ADHD or related symptoms (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02–1.48). Moderate heterogeneity was observed across studies (I2 = 63.3%, τ2 = 0.0434, p = 0.0053), and the prediction interval crossed the null value (0.79–1.90), indicating uncertainty in effect estimates for future studies. Subgroup analyses demonstrated largely consistent effect directions across most strata but did not fully explain the observed heterogeneity. Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses showed that the direction of the association remained positive, although exclusion of Kim et al., attenuated the pooled estimate (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.00–1.34) and reduced heterogeneity (I2 = 42.1%), indicating some influence of this study on the magnitude and heterogeneity of the pooled association. Doi plot analysis revealed marked asymmetry, with an LFK index of 3.37, indicating possible small-study effects or publication bias.ConclusionThis systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with an increased likelihood of ADHD or related symptoms in children and adolescents. However, because all included evidence was derived from observational studies and was characterized by moderate heterogeneity, a prediction interval crossing the null, and potential publication bias, the findings should be interpreted with caution. Further high-quality prospective studies are needed to clarify the independent association and underlying mechanisms linking SSB intake to ADHD-related symptoms.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251186577, identifier CRD420251186577.
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