Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

In ADHD, grey matter development is delayed, with smaller volumes and altered surface area trajectories that often normalize as symptoms improve into adulthood.

Yes, children with ADHD show distinct speech features including lower and more variable pitch, altered spectral properties, reduced rhythmic stability, and higher subglottal pressure with lower airflow compared to healthy controls.

Yes, multiple studies show adults with ADHD have significantly higher emotional eating than healthy controls, linked to impulsivity and mood issues.

Yes, a small study found that speech features in children with ADHD change after taking methylphenidate, showing reduced pitch variability and improved rhythmic stability.

Stigma in adult ADHD is linked to worse quality of life across social, psychological, and occupational domains, with self-stigma and perceived stigma being particularly harmful.

No, current evidence does not show that epidural analgesia during birth causes neurodevelopmental disorders like ADHD or autism in children.

Current evidence shows transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) does not significantly reduce core ADHD symptoms in children, though some studies suggest possible benefits for specific cognitive functions.

Yes, exposure to air pollution (PM2.5, PM10, NO2) and noise during childhood is linked to a small increased risk of ADHD, though the effect is modest and more research is needed.