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Flash-heating of expressed human milk preserves nutritional components and ensures microbiological safety for infant feedingFlash heating helps keep human milk safe for infants

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Key Takeaway
Consider flash-heating as a method to ensure microbiological safety while preserving nutrients in expressed human milk.

This scoping review synthesizes evidence from 24 studies regarding the effects of flash-heating (FH) on expressed human milk. The review focuses on microbiological safety, the preservation of nutritional and immunological components, and the overall feasibility of the process for infant feeding.

The synthesis indicates that FH is effective in inhibiting the growth of various bacterial and viral pathogens. Furthermore, the process preserves substantial proportions of critical components, including immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, vitamins, and oligosaccharides. These findings suggest that FH can maintain the nutritional integrity of the milk while ensuring safety.

Despite these findings, the authors note significant research and operational gaps. Specifically, there is a lack of standardization and evidence regarding the feasibility and acceptability of flash-heating in real-world outbreak contexts. Effectiveness may vary based on specific pathogen types and the heat sensitivity of the components.

Clinically, flash-heating may serve as a viable option for infants who require maternal breastmilk when direct breastfeeding or untreated milk is unsafe. However, practitioners should note that the lack of standardized protocols currently limits its routine application in diverse clinical settings.

When a mother cannot breastfeed directly or when breastmilk is contaminated, keeping the milk safe for an infant is a major challenge. New research looks at flash-heating as a way to protect babies while preserving the goodness of the milk.

Researchers looked at 24 studies to see how flash-heating works. They found that this method effectively stops the growth of many different bacteria and viruses. Importantly, the process also keeps a large amount of key nutrients and immune-supporting components, like vitamins and special sugars, inside the milk.

While the results are promising, there is still work to do. The study notes that we do not yet have a standard way to do this in real-world situations. Because of these gaps in how the process is standardized and used during outbreaks, you should always talk to a healthcare provider about the best way to manage breastmilk safety.

What this means for you:
Flash-heating can kill germs in breastmilk while preserving most of its nutrients and immune-boosting components.

Common questions

Does flash-heating keep the milk nutritious for my baby?

Yes, the research shows that flash-heating preserves substantial proportions of key nutrients and immune-boosting components. This includes important items like vitamins, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and oligosaccharides. It aims to keep the milk's quality high while making it safer for infants to consume.

Can flash-heating actually kill germs in the milk?

The study confirms that flash-heating is effective at inhibiting the growth of a wide range of bacterial and viral pathogens. This makes it a potential option for feeding infants when using untreated breastmilk is not safe due to contamination.

Is flash-heating ready to use in every hospital today?

Not quite yet. While the method shows promise, there are still gaps in how to standardize the process and make it easy to use during real-world outbreaks. Because of these gaps in feasibility and standardization, talk to a doctor about specific safety protocols.

Study Details

Study typeSystematic review
EvidenceLevel 1
PublishedOct 2026
View Original Abstract ↓
IntroductionInfectious disease outbreaks can disrupt breastfeeding due to concerns about pathogen transmission through close contact or breastmilk. In these contexts, infants are often fed commercial milk formula or other breastmilk substitutes despite their known risks, which are exacerbated in low-resource settings. Existing technologies to inactivate pathogens in human milk, such as holder and high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, require specialized equipment and may not be feasible in emergency settings. Flash-heating (FH) is a low-cost, household-level alternative that approximates HTST conditions and can inactivate pathogens while preserving key nutritional and immunological components. This review examines the evidence on FH as a potential method for pasteurizing expressed breastmilk during infectious disease outbreaks.MethodsThis scoping review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science, supplemented by grey literature and forward citation searching. Studies on FH of expressed human milk were included if they evaluated on (1) microbiological safety, (2) preservation of nutritional and immunological components, and (3) feasibility in low-resource and outbreak settings. Two independent reviewers screened studies and extracted data using Covidence, and the evidence were descriptively synthesized.ResultsA total of 24 studies published between 2005 and 2025 were included. FH is effective in inhibiting growth of a range of bacterial and viral pathogens. Effectiveness varies by pathogen type and heat sensitivity. FH preserves substantial proportions of key nutrients and immunological components in human milk, such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, vitamins, and oligosaccharides. Research and operational gaps remain regarding standardization, feasibility, and acceptability in real-world outbreak contexts.ConclusionFlash-heating shows potential as an option for enabling infants to be fed maternal breastmilk when direct breastfeeding and use of untreated breastmilk is not safe. Strengthening the evidence base will be essential to inform clear, context-appropriate guidance and support safe infant feeding practices during future outbreaks.
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