A community-based randomized controlled trial evaluated a digital intervention to promote COVID-19 vaccination among Hispanic children. The study included 254 participants (126 intervention, 128 control) who were families with any unvaccinated children aged 17 years or younger, with a focus on children aged 5 to 11. The intervention group received 'MiVacunaLA/MyShotLA,' a fully automated program delivering three culturally and linguistically tailored educational SMS text messages weekly via a closed online platform, while the control group received no specific intervention.
The primary outcome was self-reported COVID-19 vaccine uptake among household children. The intervention resulted in a statistically significant absolute difference of 13.3 percentage points (95% CI 0.3% to 26.4%; P=.04) compared to control. A secondary outcome, caregiver trust in governmental vaccine approval processes for children, also showed a significant improvement, with a 14.3 percentage point difference (95% CI 0% to 23.7%; P=.003). Safety and tolerability data were not reported.
Key limitations include reliance on self-reported vaccination status without verification, which may introduce bias. The sample size was modest, and the confidence intervals for the primary outcome are wide, indicating uncertainty about the precise effect magnitude. The intervention was delivered in a specific community context to a Hispanic population, which may limit generalizability to other groups.
For practice, this trial provides preliminary evidence that a low-cost, scalable digital strategy using tailored SMS messaging can be associated with increased vaccine uptake and trust in a population with documented vaccination gaps. However, clinicians should interpret the self-reported vaccine uptake data cautiously and recognize that this single study does not establish the intervention's effectiveness in all settings or for other vaccines.
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BACKGROUND: Early in the children's COVID-19 rollout in the United States, racial and ethnic vaccination rate disparities were evident. Based on COVID-19 communication literature and qualitative interviews with Hispanic parents, we developed a mobile phone-delivered digital intervention to address factors associated with low vaccine confidence.
OBJECTIVE: We conducted a community-based randomized controlled trial of a digital intervention called MiVacunaLA/MyShotLA to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Hispanic children. The fully automated digital intervention was designed in collaboration with community organizations and linguistically and culturally tailored to meet the informational needs of Hispanic caregivers. The intervention focused on families with unvaccinated children 5 to 11 years old but was offered to families with any unvaccinated children 17 years or younger.
METHODS: Participants were recruited with community organization partners and trained parent ambassadors via an open online screener. The 4-week intervention consisted of 3 SMS text messages with culturally and linguistically tailored educational information weekly. Intervention materials were delivered digitally through a closed online platform. Study team members were blinded. We used a difference-in-difference model with an intention-to-treat approach. The primary outcome was self-reported COVID-19 vaccine uptake among household children collected via online questionnaires. Secondary outcomes included COVID-19 vaccine knowledge, vaccine trust, and measures of participant engagement. We conducted a sensitivity analysis using the treatment-on-the-treated approach.
RESULTS: In total, 254 participants completed the baseline survey (128 control and 126 intervention). The average participant age was 34 (SD 6.3) years with an average of 1.7 (SD 0.8) minors in the household, and among households, 62.2% (n=158) reported having children aged 5 to 11 years old. Most participants (n=207, 81.5%) reported English as their primary language. We found a statistically significant difference of 13.3% (95% CI 0.3%-26.4%; P=.04) points in self-reported vaccine uptake between intervention and control groups among caregivers of Hispanic children aged 5 to 11 years old. We also found a statistically significant point difference of 14.3% (95% CI 0%-23.7%; P=.003) between intervention and control groups in trust of governmental approval processes for the children's COVID-19 vaccine. Most participants reported that the weekly digital videos and educational information were "very" (892/1031, 86.5%) or "extremely" (888/1019, 87.1%) useful.
CONCLUSIONS: MiVacunaLA demonstrates that a culturally tailored, community-based, mobile phone-delivered vaccine educational intervention can increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Hispanic children and improve caregivers' trust in governmental vaccine processes. MiVacunaLA is innovative in its integration of community-informed design with a fully automated, mobile phone-centric format and builds on prior literature by prospectively evaluating a culturally tailored, SMS text messaging-linked web curriculum in a community setting. Findings provide evidence that scalable, low-cost, digital strategies can measurably improve trust and uptake in a population facing persistent vaccination gaps. Real-world implications include the portability and adaptability of this approach across diverse communities and settings to support timely, community-engaged vaccination efforts for broader applicability and scalability in public health.
