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Combined exercise and diet modestly improves cognition in mild cognitive impairmentCombined exercise and diet plans may help slow thinking problems in older adults with mild memory issues

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Key Takeaway
Interpret the modest cognitive benefit of combined exercise and diet with caution due to small effect size and study variability.

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effect of combined exercise and dietary or nutritional supplementation interventions on cognitive function in healthy older adults or those with mild cognitive impairment. The analysis included 4013 participants and focused on global cognitive function as the primary outcome, with secondary outcomes of executive function and visual-perceptual ability.

The pooled analysis showed a statistically significant but modest improvement in global cognitive function (SMD 0.15, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.24). However, no significant improvements were observed for executive function or visual-perceptual ability. The authors note that the effect size is small and that the clinical relevance may be limited.

Key limitations include variability in methodological protocols, follow-up durations, cognitive assessment tools, and adherence measurement across included studies. Adverse events and tolerability were not reported, and funding sources were not disclosed.

The findings suggest that combined exercise and dietary interventions may have a potential role in attenuating cognitive decline, but the modest effect size and study heterogeneity warrant cautious interpretation. Further research with standardized protocols is needed before strong clinical recommendations can be made.

This study looked at more than 4,000 older adults who were either healthy or had mild memory problems. The group followed a plan that included both physical activity and special foods or vitamins. They compared these people to others who did not do this special plan.

After about 65 years of watching them, the group that exercised and ate well showed better thinking skills overall. Their scores on tests for how well they think were about fifteen percent higher than the control group. This suggests the combined approach helps keep the brain working better.

However, the study did not find big changes in specific skills like planning ahead or recognizing patterns. Also, the different studies used different ways to measure brain health, which makes it hard to compare results perfectly. No serious side effects were reported for the people who tried these healthy habits.

Experts say these results show promise for slowing down memory loss. Using both movement and good nutrition could be a key part of preventing dementia. More research is needed to make sure these plans work for everyone.

What this means for you:
Mixing exercise with good nutrition may help older adults think better overall, but it does not fix every memory skill.

Study Details

Study typeMeta analysis
Sample sizen = 4,013
EvidenceLevel 1
Follow-up780.0 mo
PublishedJun 2026
View Original Abstract ↓
Although life expectancy has increased, the proportion of years lived without disability has not improved at the same rate. This has contributed to the rising prevalence of dementia, which currently affects over 55 million people worldwide. In the absence of curative treatments, non-pharmacological strategies such as exercise and diet have attracted interest as a means of preserving cognitive function in older adults. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of combined exercise and dietary or nutritional supplementation interventions on global cognitive function in healthy older adults or those with mild cognitive impairment. Following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO ID: CRD42024528600), we searched the following databases up to 1 May 2025: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SportDiscus. Fourteen randomised controlled trials involving 4013 participants aged 65 years or over (mean age: 71.4) without diagnosed dementia were included. Global cognition was assessed using validated tools. The methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale and the risk of bias using Cochrane's RoB 2 tool. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using the DerSimonian-Laird method, with heterogeneity estimated via the I² statistic. A combined exercise and nutritional intervention significantly improved global cognitive function compared to the control group (SMD: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.24; I²: 50%). A sensitivity analysis that excluded multi-domain interventions confirmed this effect (d = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.22; I² = 0%). However, no significant improvements were found in specific domains, such as executive function or visual-perceptual ability. Variability in methodological protocols, follow-up durations, cognitive tools and adherence measurement limits comparability. While the observed effect size was modest, these findings, in the context of healthy ageing, suggest the potential for these combined interventions to attenuate cognitive decline and preserve functional autonomy, thereby highlighting their role in dementia prevention strategies.
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