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Intentional human-animal interactions significantly impact human microbiome composition in 24 of 30 reported publicationsPet ownership and interaction may change your internal microbiome

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Key Takeaway
Note that 24 of 30 publications reported significant microbiome changes following intentional human-animal interactions.

This scoping review synthesized 30 relevant publications to evaluate the impact of intentional, non-occupational human-animal interactions on human microbiome composition and associated wellbeing outcomes. The review focused on the relationship between human-animal interaction and the human microbiome, as well as secondary outcomes including physical, mental, and social wellbeing.

The synthesis revealed that 24 of 30 publications reported a significant effect of human-animal interactions on human microbiome composition. While the review identified a consistent trend in the primary outcome, specific effect sizes and p-values were not reported for these findings. Secondary outcomes regarding physical, mental, and social wellbeing were noted but not quantified in the synthesis.

Several limitations were identified in the primary literature, including notable gaps in the reporting of participant demographics and methodology. Specifically, there is a lack of standardized reporting regarding the length of interaction, the specific species of animal involved, and the variable 16S regions of focus. These inconsistencies in reporting may limit the ability to draw firm conclusions regarding the specific mechanisms or optimal conditions for these interactions.

We often think of our health as something that happens only inside our bodies. However, a large community of microbes, known as the microbiome, plays a huge role in our overall well-being. New research suggests that spending intentional time with animals might actually change the makeup of these internal microbes.

Researchers looked at 30 different publications to see how human-animal interactions affect people. They found that 24 of those 30 studies reported a significant change in the human microbiome when people interacted with animals. This suggests a strong link between our bond with pets and the microscopic world living within us.

While these findings are promising, the evidence is still early. The researchers noted that many studies did not provide specific details on how long the interactions lasted or what types of animals were involved. Because of these gaps in reporting, we cannot yet say exactly how much time you need to spend with an animal to see a change.

What this means for you:
Most studies show that spending time with animals can significantly change your internal microbiome.

Common questions

Does spending time with pets change my microbiome?

Yes, the evidence suggests it can. Out of 30 publications reviewed, 24 reported a significant effect on the human microbiome composition when people engaged in intentional, non-occupational interaction with animals.

What kind of animal interactions were studied?

The study looked at intentional, non-occupational interactions with animals. However, the researchers noted a lack of specific details in the reports regarding the specific species of animals involved.

How long do I need to spend with an animal to see results?

It is currently unclear how much time is needed. The researchers found a notable gap in the reporting of methodology, specifically regarding the length of the interactions between humans and animals.

Study Details

Study typeSystematic review
EvidenceLevel 1
PublishedSep 2026
View Original Abstract ↓
Human-animal interactions may impact the composition of the human microbiome. This can then influence human physical, mental, and social wellbeing. This scoping review synthesizes the literature on the impacts of intentional, non-occupational human-animal interactions on the human microbiome. Six databases (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses) were searched using keywords for human-animal interactions and microbiomes. Database searching resulted in 2,946 publications. Publications were screened according to the following inclusion criteria: (1) published in English, (2) peer-reviewed article or dissertation presenting empirical data, (3) studies humans engaging in intentional, non-occupational interaction with animals, and (4) compares human microbiome composition before and after human-animal interactions or compares humans that interact with animals to humans that do not interact with animals. Screening resulted in 30 relevant publications. Of these, 24 reported a significant effect of human-animal interactions on microbiome composition. However, there were notable gaps in the reporting of demographics and methodology, such as length of human-animal interaction, species of animal, and variable 16S regions of focus. To better understand the impacts of human-animal interactions on the human microbiome, future studies should include detailed reporting of both human-animal interactions and microbiome analysis methods.
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