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Circulating galectin-3 levels are significantly higher in patients with systemic lupus erythematosusHigher levels of galectin-3 found in patients with lupus

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Key Takeaway
Note that significantly higher circulating Gal-3 levels are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

This meta-analysis evaluated circulating galectin-3 (Gal-3) levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared to normal controls. The analysis included 397 patients with SLE and 433 healthy controls to determine the association between Gal-3 and disease status.

The synthesis found that SLE patients had significantly higher circulating Gal-3 levels than normal controls, with a reported effect size of SMD = 1.290 (95% CI: 0.713-1.868, 95% PI: -0.25-2.80, P < 0.001). The study also assessed the influence of age, region, assay method, sample size, and Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale scores on these results.

While the findings suggest Gal-3 may have potential as a biomarker or therapeutic target in SLE, no causation between Gal-3 levels and disease status was established. Clinical application is currently limited by the lack of reported certainty data and specific study limitations. These findings provide a basis for further investigation into Gal-3's role in SLE pathology.

How this fits prior evidence

This finding adds to the evidence regarding biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus, specifically complementing the identification of GDF15 as a potential biomarker for patient stratification. While this meta-analysis identifies elevated Gal-3 levels as a marker for SLE status, it does not address the under-representation of Black and Indigenous patients in current trials or the efficacy of specific treatments like anifrolumab.

Living with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) means dealing with an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. Researchers are looking for ways to better understand how this disease works and identify markers that could help in future treatments.

A large review of data involving 397 patients with SLE and 433 healthy controls found a clear difference in protein levels. Specifically, those with lupus had significantly higher levels of circulating galectin-3 (Gal-3) than the healthy group. This protein is currently being studied as a potential biomarker or target for future therapies.

While these results show a strong link between Gal-3 and the presence of lupus, it is important to remember that this finding shows an association rather than a direct cause. Because more research is needed, we cannot yet say if Gal-3 causes the symptoms or if it simply appears because of the disease. It remains a promising area for future medical investigation.

What this means for you:
Patients with lupus have significantly higher levels of the protein galectin-3 than healthy people.

Common questions

What is galectin-3 and why does it matter for lupus?

Galectin-3, or Gal-3, is a protein in the body. This study found that people with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have significantly higher levels of this protein than healthy people. Because of this link, researchers believe Gal-3 could eventually serve as a biomarker to help identify the disease or as a target for new treatments.

Does high galectin-3 cause the symptoms of lupus?

The study shows a clear association between higher galectin-3 levels and having lupus, but it does not prove that the protein causes the disease. It simply means that people with the condition have more of this protein in their systems than those without it.

Study Details

Study typeMeta analysis
Sample sizen = 397
EvidenceLevel 1
PublishedAug 2026
View Original Abstract ↓
This study aims to assess the circulating galectin-3 (Gal-3) levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and explore the major related influencing factors. Systematic searches of all relevant English articles were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from inception to September 22nd, 2025. Continuous variable data from multiple studies were subjected to a random-effects meta-analysis using Stata 12.0 software to estimate the pooled effect size. Data on circulating Gal-3 levels were analyzed using the standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and 95% prediction intervals (PI) in the presence of significant heterogeneity. A total of 8 studies were finally included in this meta-analysis, involving 397 patients with SLE and 433 normal controls. The combined effect showed that SLE patients had significantly higher circulating Gal-3 levels than normal controls (SMD = 1.290, 95% CI: 0.713-1.868, 95% PI: -0.25-2.80, P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses stratified by age, region, assay method, sample size and Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale score also demonstrated consistent results. Egger's linear regression test indicated no significant publication bias (P>0.05). Sensitivity analysis showed that the results were stable. SLE patients have higher circulating levels of Gal-3 than normal controls. Given the crucial role of Gal-3 in SLE, it is worthwhile to investigate its potential as a therapeutic target and biomarker.
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