Entecavir Intensification for Persistent HBV Viremia in HIV-HBV Infection

Inclusion Criteria

• Ability and willingness to provide written informed consent
• HIV infection, documented in patient medical record. Acceptable forms of documentation include positive HIV antibody or detectable HIV RNA.
• Chronic HBV infection, defined as HBsAg positivity. Both hepatitis B "e" antigen (HBeAg) positive and negative subjects will be eligible.
• Detectable HBV DNA ( > 160 copies/ml) after 48 weeks of therapy with TDF in conjunction with either 3TC or FTC
• Compensated liver disease, defined as a Child-Pugh-Turcot(CPT) Score 50 ng/ml, an imaging study demonstrating no evidence of hepatic tumor within 8 weeks of enrollment.
• Female study volunteers must not participate in a conception process (e.g., active attempt to become pregnant). If participating in sexual activity that could lead to pregnancy, the female study volunteer must use the following forms of contraception while receiving study-specific medication(s) and for 30 days after stopping the medication. One of the following methods MUST be used appropriately:
• Condoms1 (male or female) with or without a spermicidal agent
• Diaphragm or cervical cap with spermicide
• intrauterine device(IUD)
• Hormonal-based method
• Condoms are recommended because their appropriate use is the only contraception method effective for preventing HIV transmission.

Note: Subjects with concomitant Hepatitis C infection will be permitted to enroll.

Exclusion Criteria

• Allergy or sensitivity to study drug
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding or unwillingness/inability to adhere to contraceptive methods for the duration of the study
• Prisoners or subjects who are incarcerated.
• Evidence of malignancy that would make the subject, in the opinion of the investigator, unsuitable for the study. This includes any systemic antineoplastic or immunomodulatory treatment or radiation within 24 weeks prior to study entry or the expectation that such treatment will be needed at any time during the study.
• Receipt of systemic corticosteroids within 90 days prior to study entry (as this medication may increase HBV replication).
• Investigational anti-HIV agents will be allowed on a case-by-case basis with the approval of the protocol team.
• Active drug or alcohol use or dependence that, in the opinion of the investigator, would interfere with adherence to study requirements.
• Any active medical, psychiatric or social circumstance that in the opinion of the investigator puts the subject at potential risk from study participation or makes adherence to the study protocol unlikely.
• Receipt of the following drugs with anti-HBV activity within 90 days prior to study entry or anticipated receipt during the course of the study including: adefovir(ADV), telbivudine, alpha interferon, penciclovir (Denavir) (except if given for < 4 weeks), famciclovir (Famvir), diaminopurine dioxolane (DAPD), clevudine (L-FMAU), thymosin alpha 1, ganciclovir (treatment limited to < 7 days is acceptable) (Cytovene), L-deoxythymidine, and L-deoxythymidine compounds and other investigational agents with anti-HBV activity.
• Receipt of nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, vancomycin, cidofovir [Vistide], foscarnet [Foscavir], cisplatin, intravenous pentamidine [Pentam], oral tacrolimus [Prograf], cyclosporine [Sandimmune]) or the competitor of renal excretion, probenecid (Benemid), within 8 weeks prior to study entry or expected use of these agents during the course of the study. (Topical tacrolimus is allowed.)