Safety, Tolerance and Pharmacokinetics of Raltegravir-Containing Antiretroviral Therapy in Infants, Children Infected With HIV and TB

Inclusion Criteria

• Weight greater than or equal to 3.5 kg at entry
• Confirmation of HIV-1 infection was defined as positive results from two samples collected at different time points. All samples tested must be whole blood, serum, or plasma. For studies conducted under an Investigational New Drug (IND), all test methods should be Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved if available. If FDA-approved methods are not available, test methods should be verified according to good clinical laboratory practice (GCLP) and approved by the International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) Laboratory Center. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
• ARV treatment naïve or did not received ARVs for at least 30 days prior to entry. Note: Participants with prior exposure to ARVs for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) or treatment - regardless of duration - were eligible provided the participant did not received ARVs for at least 30 days prior to entry. The reasons for interruption could include drug toxicity, poor adherence, or treatment failure that preceded enrollment and was not imposed by study staff. ARVs should not be withheld for the purposes of enrollment into the study and against the participant's best interest.
• ARV treatment eligible as defined by:
• Country-specific guidelines OR
• World Health Organization (WHO) pediatric treatment algorithm (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/208825/1/9789241549684\_eng.pdf?ua=1)
• Diagnosis of pulmonary TB or TB adenitis. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
• Participant initiated at least a 2-drug TB regimen containing rifampicin, and had tolerated at least 1 week of the TB drug regimen prior to initiation of raltegravir. Note: TB treatment was allowed to be started after being diagnosed by the site investigator. Treatment regimens included isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin in addition to rifampicin. ART ideally started within 2 weeks of starting TB treatment. A patient who had started therapy for TB elsewhere but was not yet been started on ART was eligible for enrollment provided they did not have greater than 20 weeks of TB therapy. Delay between starting TB treatment and ART was not encouraged, and local or international guidelines should be followed for managing TB and HIV coinfection in infants and children.
• Female participant who was of child bearing potential and sexually active agreed to use two reliable methods of contraception, including a medically accepted barrier method of contraception (e.g., female/male condoms, diaphragm or cervical cap with a cream or gel that kills sperm (excluding nonoxydyl-9), intrauterine device [IUD], others) together with another reliable form of contraception while on study and for 4 weeks after stopping raltegravir.
• Parent, legal guardian, or designated guardian according to country-specific guidelines provided signed informed consent and to have the participant followed at the clinical site

Exclusion Criteria

• Greater than or equal to Grade 2 aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at screening, which must be within 30 days of entry. Note: Participants were allowed to be re-screened provided that they had at least 4 weeks of TB treatment remaining at the time of entry.
• Any greater than or equal to Grade 4 clinical toxicity or laboratory result at screening except fever, chills, fatigue or malaise, unintentional weight loss, and dyspnea or respiratory distress that could be associated with TB
• Acute, serious infections other than TB requiring active treatment (e.g., Pneumocystis jirovecii [previously Pneumocystis carinii] pneumonia [PCP], cryptococcal meningitis, etc.). Infants and children diagnosed with acute bacterial pneumonia at time of diagnosis of TB may be included. Prophylaxis against opportunistic infections was allowed.
• Diagnosis of Kwashiorkor (less than 80% expected