Immunocompromised herpes zoster patients with CNS infection show higher encephalitis incidence and worse prognosis

A retrospective cohort study at a tertiary dermatology hospital in East China examined 166 herpes zoster patients with varicella-zoster virus-associated central nervous system infection. The cohort included 117 immunocompetent and 49 immunocompromised patients, with outcomes assessed at discharge. No specific intervention or exposure was reported, but the study compared clinical characteristics and prognosis between immunocompetent and immunocompromised groups.

The main finding was that immunocompromised patients had a significantly higher incidence of encephalitis compared to immunocompetent patients (P<0.05), though absolute numbers and effect sizes were not reported. Immunocompromised patients also showed worse overall prognosis at discharge. The time between onset of neurological symptoms and initiation of antiviral therapy emerged as an independent risk factor for prognosis.

Safety and tolerability data were not reported. The study has several limitations: it was retrospective and observational, conducted at a single center, and had a relatively small immunocompromised subgroup (49 patients). The findings represent associations rather than causal relationships. Generalizability beyond the specialized dermatology hospital setting is uncertain.

For clinical practice, this study reinforces the importance of early recognition and prompt antiviral treatment in herpes zoster patients with neurological symptoms, particularly in immunocompromised individuals who appear at higher risk for encephalitis and poor outcomes. However, clinicians should interpret these findings cautiously given the study's observational nature and limited sample size.