What is the link between Periodontal Disease and Alzheimer's disease risk?

Periodontal (gum) disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the mouth. Research suggests it may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease, possibly through inflammation that spreads from the gums to the brain or by oral bacteria traveling to the brain. While the link is supported by multiple studies, it is not yet proven that gum disease directly causes Alzheimer's.

What the research says

A 2021 review in Nature Reviews Immunology explains that periodontitis, a severe form of gum disease, is linked to other chronic inflammatory diseases, including Alzheimer's. The review notes that periodontal pathogens and the inflammation they cause can affect the whole body, potentially contributing to brain changes ⁹. A 2019 review in the Biomedical Journal also lists Alzheimer's as one of the systemic diseases associated with periodontal pathogens, though it states a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established ¹⁰. A 2024 meta-analysis in GeroScience found that periodontal disease is associated with a higher risk of cognitive disorders and dementia. Specifically, people with gum disease had a 25% higher risk of cognitive disorders in cross-sectional studies and a 3-fold higher risk of cognitive impairment in longitudinal studies ¹¹. These findings suggest that maintaining gum health may be important for brain health, but more research is needed to confirm whether treating gum disease can lower Alzheimer's risk.

What to ask your doctor

• Could my gum health affect my risk for Alzheimer's disease?
• Should I have a periodontal evaluation as part of my routine health checkups?
• What are the best ways to treat or manage periodontal disease to potentially reduce systemic inflammation?
• Are there any specific oral hygiene practices or treatments you recommend for someone concerned about cognitive decline?
• How often should I see a dentist or periodontist for checkups given this potential link?