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Guideline proposes design principles for technology to reduce child sexual abuse material viewingA New App Helps People Stop Viewing Harmful Images

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Key Takeaway
Consider these qualitative design principles as preliminary; efficacy remains unproven.

This guideline presents findings from a qualitative study involving 31 at-risk individuals and 4 focus group discussions with service providers (therapists and managers) in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The research aimed to inform the user-centered design of the Salus prototype, a technological prevention tool for individuals concerned about viewing child sexual abuse material (CSAM).

Key qualitative findings include that privacy and security concerns—such as potential discovery of apps, data security, and legal consequences—are the main worries for potential users. There was consensus on the value of blocking CSAM, but opinions on an optional adult content filter were not unanimous. Interactivity features like a diary, statistics, resources, and feedback were welcomed by potential users.

Based on these findings, the guideline proposes seven evidence-based design principles for user-centered harm-reduction technology. The authors do not report specific limitations, and the study is funded by the European Commission. As a qualitative study, it does not provide quantitative effect estimates, and no conclusions about efficacy or effectiveness should be drawn.

Clinicians should recognize these design principles as preliminary and grounded in user perspectives, but further research is needed to evaluate the prototype's impact on actual behavior change.

A New App Helps People Stop Viewing Harmful Images

Imagine opening your phone to find a message you did not send. You feel panic rise in your chest because someone might see your private data. This fear is real for many people who struggle with viewing harmful images online. They worry that using help tools will lead to legal trouble or public exposure.

This fear stops them from asking for the support they need. Many individuals contact therapists outside the criminal justice system for help. They want to stop the behavior but feel trapped by their own devices. Current solutions often lack the trust needed for someone to use them.

But here is the twist. A new approach puts the user in charge of their own safety. Researchers in Europe spent two years designing a tool called Salus. They listened to people who were at risk of committing an offense. The goal was to create a technology that feels safe and private.

The team studied needs in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. They talked with thirty-one individuals who wanted to change their behavior. They also spoke with therapists who support these people every day. The conversations revealed deep concerns about data security and legal consequences.

Users agreed that blocking harmful content is valuable. However, they had mixed feelings about other features. Some people did not want a filter for adult sexual content included by default. They wanted to turn that filter on or off whenever they chose. This control is essential for maintaining trust in the tool.

Notifications must be quiet and subtle. Loud alerts can scare a user away from using the app. Instead, the system should work in the background without drawing attention. Interactivity features are welcomed by potential users. These may include a diary function or a personal statistics page.

This doesn't mean this treatment is available yet.

The study team proposed seven design principles based on these findings. Privacy-by-default architecture means the app protects data without asking for permission. Discretion through design ambiguity keeps the app looking like a normal utility. Adaptive notification systems adjust to the user's comfort level.

Optional interactivity gives users control over every feature. Trusted-channel deployment ensures the app comes from a safe source. Progressive trust building helps users feel safe over time. Fail-safe harm prevention stops the app from causing unintended consequences. These principles provide a framework for future developers.

What does this mean for you? If you are struggling with this issue, talk to a therapist. They can guide you toward safe resources. Do not try to manage this alone without professional support. The new design ideas will help create better tools in the future.

There are still limitations to consider. The study involved a small group of people. The tool is currently a prototype and not a finished product. It has not been approved for public use yet. More research is needed to test these ideas in real life.

The road ahead involves more trials and testing. Developers will use these seven principles to build new interventions. The hope is to reduce harmful behaviors without causing fear or shame. Trust is the foundation of any successful prevention tool.

More trials and testing will follow this research phase. Developers will use these seven principles to build new interventions. The hope is to reduce harmful behaviors without causing fear or shame. Trust is the foundation of any successful prevention tool.

Study Details

Study typeGuideline
EvidenceLevel 5
PublishedMay 2026
View Original Abstract ↓
IntroductionThe volume of Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) available online and the global demand for it has reached unprecedented levels. Increasing numbers of individuals concerned about their online behaviour are contacting therapeutic providers for help and support outside of the criminal justice system. Previous research asking individuals what would help them to stop viewing CSAM suggests that the availability of a technological solution to voluntarily self-manage access to CSAM could be an effective tool.AimTo explore the findings from the user-centered design (UCD) of the ‘Salus’ prototype - a technological prevention tool to support effective self-management of individuals at risk of committing a first or further CSAM offence(s).Materials and methodsIn this two-year, European Commission funded project we conducted research in four European countries: Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom (UK). For the UCD phase of the project we conducted semi-structured interviews with 31 at-risk individuals in Belgium (n=10), Germany (n=10) and the UK (n=11), to explore the specific needs, design features, deployment methods, and concerns and barriers for the design, functionality and deployment of Salus. Additionally, four focus group discussions (FGDs) were held in Belgium, the Netherlands, and the UK with service providers (primarily therapists and managers) with extensive experience of supporting individuals at risk of committing CSAM offences to explore the same questions at the service level.ResultsIn terms of privacy and security, the potential discovery of apps such as Salus, data security and legal consequences of app usage are the main concerns of potential app users. There was consensus on the value of blocking CSAM, but opinions on the inclusion of an optional adult sexual content (pornography) filter in Salus design were not unanimous. Users should be able to switch a pornography filter on and off at their convenience. Blocking notifications should be quiet and subtle. Interactivity features are welcomed by potential users – these may include a diary function; a personal CSAM statistics page; a resources section; and a function to allow users to provide feedback to the app developers. Such features should be optional for users in order to prevent any unintended consequences of app usage. Finally, app deployment must be safe and secure.ConclusionBased on these findings, we propose seven evidence-based design principles for user-centered harm-reduction technology: privacy-by-default architecture; discretion through design ambiguity; adaptive notification systems; optional interactivity with user control; trusted-channel deployment; progressive trust building; and fail-safe harm prevention. These principles provide a framework for app developers and researchers working on similar technologies to develop interventions that reduce harmful behaviours.
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