This scoping review examined 87 studies from 19 countries to understand the effects of bicycling interventions. These activities included cycling on trails or roads, stationary forms, and both acute and multi-session programs. The research looked at how these activities impact psychological, social, affective, and cognitive well-being, as well as cardiovascular fitness and metabolic health.
The analysis found positive impacts on mood and a reduction in depressive symptoms. Social connection increased, and cognitive functioning was enhanced across the reviewed studies. Improvements were also noted in several well-being domains. The review highlights that bicycling acts as a multidimensional modality for promoting overall well-being.
However, the study has limitations. A majority of the included studies implemented acute, indoor bicycling interventions, which may not reflect real-world outdoor cycling. Affective and cognitive outcomes varied by intervention, context, and population. The evidence comes from large associative studies rather than direct causation. This reinforces the need for translational and inclusive community-based research that extends beyond indoor environments.
