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Skin lesions typically precede spinal arthritis in patients with follicular occlusion triad and spondyloarthritisSkin issues may signal upcoming spinal arthritis in some patients

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Key Takeaway
Note that skin lesions typically precede spinal arthritis in patients with follicular occlusion triad and spondyloarthritis.

This case report and literature review analyzes the clinical presentation of peripheral and axial spondyloarthritis in patients with follicular occlusion triad (FOT). The scope includes an analysis of 13 cases, combining local reports and existing literature to delineate patterns of involvement.

Key findings indicate that skin lesions preceded spinal arthritis in 13/13 patients. While the interval between these symptoms varied significantly from 0.6 to over 15 years, all patients presented with elevated inflammatory markers but were negative for rheumatoid factor and HLA-B27. Additionally, 46.15% of patients exhibited cervical and/or lumbar pain and stiffness, while 15.38% showed sternoclavicular involvement typical of SAPHO syndrome.

The authors note that the study is limited by a small sample size of 13 cases. Despite this limitation, the report provides an updated overview of disease patterns in this specific patient population. The findings may assist clinicians in recognizing the temporal progression of symptoms in patients presenting with both FOT and spondyloarthritis features.

How this fits prior evidence

This review addresses a gap in characterizing the clinical timeline for patients with follicular occlusion triad (FOT) and spondyloarthritis. It complements existing evidence regarding adalimumab's role in improving axial inflammation in hidradenitis suppurativa with spondyloarthritis features by providing specific details on the progression of symptoms from skin lesions to spinal involvement.

For many people living with inflammatory conditions, the first signs of trouble don't always appear where you might expect. A review of cases involving a condition called follicular occlusion triad (FOT) found a consistent pattern: skin issues almost always appeared before spinal arthritis began. This means that for these patients, skin symptoms can serve as an early warning sign.

The study looked at 13 total cases to map out how these conditions progress. In every single case, the skin lesions showed up first. The time between the first skin issue and the start of spinal pain varied greatly, ranging from just a few months to over 15 years. This long gap highlights how early symptoms can be hard to link to future problems.

While the study is based on a small number of cases, it provides a clearer picture of how these diseases move through the body. Most patients in this group were men, and all showed high levels of inflammation but tested negative for certain common markers like HLA-B27. Because the sample size is small, these findings are early evidence rather than a definitive rule for everyone.

What this means for you:
Skin issues can appear years before spinal arthritis begins in patients with specific inflammatory conditions.

Common questions

How much warning time is there between skin issues and spine pain?

The time between the first skin lesions and the start of spinal arthritis varied significantly. In the cases studied, the gap ranged from 0.6 years to over 15 years.

Who is most commonly affected by these conditions?

The majority of patients in this study were male, with 12 out of 13 cases being men. All patients showed elevated inflammatory markers during the review.

What specific types of spinal pain were reported?

About half of the patients (6 out of 13) experienced cervical or lumbar pain and stiffness. Some also showed sternoclavicular involvement, which is common in a condition called SAPHO syndrome.

Study Details

Study typeSystematic review
EvidenceLevel 1
PublishedAug 2026
View Original Abstract ↓
SAPHO syndrome is a rare chronic rheumatic disease characterized by five typical manifestations: synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis. The follicular occlusion triad (FOT) comprises hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), acne conglobata (AC), and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (DCS). The associations of FOT with peripheral/axial spondyloarthritis remain poorly understood. This study aimed to delineate the pattern of possible peripheral/axial spondyloarthritis involvement in patients with FOT. All cases of FOT with peripheral/axial spondyloarthritis treated at our center were reported and compared with previously reported cases from the literature. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected from these cases. Three cases of FOT with peripheral/axial spondyloarthritis from our center and 10 cases from the literature review were included. We confirmed the FOT diagnosis in these patients and analyzed their associated spondyloarthritis involvement. The clinical features and treatments of these cases were also summarized. Most patients were male (92.31%, 12/13). In all patients, skin lesions preceded the onset of spinal arthritis, with intervals ranging from 0.6 to over 15 years. Symptoms related to axial arthritis typically presented as cervical and/or lumbar pain and stiffness (46.15%, 6/13). Only a few patients exhibited the typical sternoclavicular involvement seen in SAPHO syndrome (15.38%, 2/13). Laboratory examinations revealed elevated inflammatory markers and negative rheumatoid factor/HLA-B27 in all patients. Prednisone and adalimumab were reported to provide prolonged remission, while one patient responded satisfactorily to isotretinoin treatment. We provide an updated overview of the disease pattern of peripheral/axial spondyloarthritis involvement in patients with FOT.
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