Review of phage strategies for antimicrobial resistance and cancer-related infections

The rising concern of antimicrobial resistance, coupled with the continually challenging management of complicated diseases such as cancer, has provided momentum toward precision molecular medicine. This review provides an overview of bacteriophage enabled strategies encompassing both conventional antibacterial applications and advanced bioengineered delivery systems. Recent advances in phage therapy include the use of tailored phage formulations, phage immobilization approaches and phage antibiotic combinations to achieve targeted bacterial lysis particularly against multidrug-resistant pathogens and biofilm-associated infections. Beyond their intrinsic antibacterial activity, phages can be genetically and chemically engineered as nanoscale scaffolds. Phage display technologies enable the incorporation of targeting ligands for selective binding to specific tissues including tumor cells. Furthermore, phage capsids can be modified to encapsulate and deliver diverse therapeutic payloads such as small-molecule drugs, nucleic acids and gene-editing systems such as CRISPR–Cas, thereby expanding their utility beyond infectious diseases. The integration of phage biology with nanobiotechnology positions these viral platforms at the forefront of next generation therapeutics. Engineered phages have demonstrated potential as precision delivery vectors for cytotoxic agents, immunomodulators and genetic material with improved specificity and reduced off-target effects. Emerging strategies including phage antibiotic conjugates and enzyme functionalized phages further enhance therapeutic efficacy and facilitate penetration of physiological barriers. Collectively, phage-based platforms represent a versatile and transformative approach with significant implications for the treatment of infectious, oncologic and genetic disorders, supporting the advancement of targeted and personalized medicine.