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Preterm birth linked to higher pain intensity and heat pain thresholds in meta-analysisPreterm birth may be linked to higher pain levels in adults

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Key Takeaway
Consider that preterm birth may be linked to higher pain intensity and heat pain thresholds from childhood to young adulthood.

This meta-analysis pooled data from 731 participants (328 preterm, 403 term-born) aged 7 to 28 years to examine associations between preterm birth and pain-related outcomes. The primary outcomes were self-reported pain intensity and quantitative sensory testing measures of thermal and mechanical pain and detection thresholds.

Preterm-born individuals reported higher pain intensity (standardized mean difference = 0.45; p = 0.03) and had higher heat pain thresholds (mean difference = 1.11 °C; p = 0.002) compared to term-born controls. No significant differences were found for mechanical pain thresholds.

The authors note substantial heterogeneity in several analyses, which limits the precision of estimates. As a meta-analysis of observational studies, the findings indicate association rather than causation. The results suggest that preterm birth may be associated with differences in specific pain-related outcomes from childhood through young adulthood, particularly higher heat pain thresholds and pain intensity ratings. Clinicians should consider these potential differences when assessing pain in individuals born preterm, but cautious interpretation is warranted given the study limitations.

How this fits prior evidence

This meta-analysis extends prior findings on preterm birth outcomes by examining long-term pain processing. Previous coverage highlighted that early kangaroo care reduces mortality in very preterm infants and that topical emollients improve skin integrity. The current analysis adds that preterm birth is associated with higher pain intensity and heat pain thresholds later in life, suggesting altered pain processing that may require clinical attention. It contrasts with interventions aimed at improving immediate neonatal outcomes by focusing on long-term sensory consequences.

Growing up with a premature birth can change how the body processes physical sensations. New data suggests that people born early may experience different levels of pain intensity compared to those born at full term. This finding could help us better understand the long-term effects of early birth on the nervous system.

Researchers looked at 731 participants between the ages of 7 and 28. They compared individuals born preterm with those born at full term. The results showed that people born prematurely reported higher pain intensity. They also had higher heat pain thresholds, meaning they required more heat to feel a sensation of pain.

While these findings show a clear link between early birth and how the body handles heat and pain, the data comes from several different studies combined together. Because of this mix, some parts of the results are less certain. These findings help highlight how early life experiences can shape physical sensations well into young adulthood.

What this means for you:
People born prematurely may experience higher pain intensity and different heat thresholds as they grow up.

Common questions

How does being born early affect pain?

People born prematurely may experience higher levels of pain intensity compared to those born at full term. They also showed higher heat pain thresholds, meaning it took more heat for them to feel a sensation of pain. These differences were observed in people between the ages of 7 and 28.

Who was included in this study?

The study looked at 731 participants total. This group included 328 people who were born preterm and 403 people who were born at full term. The participants were between the ages of 7 and 28 years old.

Is this a proven cause of pain?

The study shows an association between being born prematurely and higher pain intensity, but it does not prove that one causes the other. Because the data comes from many different studies combined together, there is some variation in the results.

Study Details

Study typeMeta analysis
EvidenceLevel 1
PublishedJul 2026
View Original Abstract ↓
Background and objectivePreterm infants undergo repeated painful procedures during neonatal care, potentially leading to long-lasting alterations in nociceptive processing. Evidence on later pain sensitivity remains inconsistent. This study synthesised long-term evidence on thermal and mechanical pain thresholds and pain intensity from school age to young adulthood in individuals born preterm vs. term.Databases and data treatmentA systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted up to September 2025. Observational studies including preterm- and term-born participants aged 7–28 years were eligible. Outcomes included self-reported pain intensity and quantitative sensory testing (QST) measures of thermal and mechanical pain and detection thresholds. Random-effects meta-analyses used standardised or mean differences; heterogeneity was quantified with I2.ResultsEight studies (731 participants; 328 preterm, 403 term-born) contributed 2,237 participant–outcome observations (1,140 preterm, 1097 term-born). Preterm-born participants reported higher pain intensity (standardized mean difference = 0.45, p = 0.03) and higher heat pain thresholds (mean difference = 1.11 °C, p = 0.002) than term-born. No significant differences were observed for other QST outcomes. Several analyses showed substantial heterogeneity.ConclusionPreterm birth may be associated with differences in specific pain-related outcomes from childhood through young adulthood, particularly higher heat pain thresholds and pain intensity ratings. Well-designed longitudinal studies with standardized protocols are needed to inform neonatal pain management.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251144728, PROSPERO CRD420251144728.
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