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Home › Conditions › SARS-CoV-2 infection

SARS-CoV-2 infection

Subtypes of SARS-CoV-2 infection

COVID 299 Post-COVID-19 Condition 11 Coronavirus Disease 2019 3 Covid19 1 Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis following COVID-19 1 Kawasaki–SARS-CoV-2-related disease 1 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection 1 SARS-CoV-2 acquisition 1 SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnancy 1 Severe COVID-19 ARDS 1

329 published articles · Updated continuously

Clinical Trial Landscape

Clinical Trials for SARS-CoV-2 infection

106 trials tracked for SARS-CoV-2 infection: 37 in phase 3 or 4 and 34 with published results. The most-cited published study has 1436 citations.

106Trials tracked
37Phase 3 & 4
0Recruiting
34With published results
Phase distribution
Phase 4 3 Phase 3 34 Phase 2 33 Phase 1 12 Other / NA 24
  1. Phase 3 Efficacy of Tocilizumab on Patients With COVID-19 Completed · 1,436 cited
  2. Phase 3 A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of mRNA Vaccine Boosters for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Variants Completed · 653 cited
  3. Phase 3 A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity, and Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Adolescents 12 to <18 Years Old to Prevent COVID-19 Completed · 372 cited
  4. Phase 3 To Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Efficacy and Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 Boosting Strategies Against COVID-19 in Participants ≥12 Years of Age. Completed · 336 cited
  5. Phase 3 Study to Describe the Safety, Tolerability, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of RNA Vaccine Candidates Against COVID-19 in Healthy Individuals Completed · 236 cited
  6. Phase 3 A Study to Evaluate Safety and Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccine in Healthy Children Between 6 Months of Age and Less Than 12 Years of Age Completed · 179 cited
Show 44 more trials
  1. Phase 3 A Phase 2b/3, Randomized, Observer-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Investigational SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine CVnCoV in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older Completed · 175 cited
  2. Phase 3 A Phase 2/3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of CT-P59 in Patients With Mild to Moderate SARS-CoV-2 Infection Completed · 152 cited
  3. Phase 4 Stopping ACE-inhibitors in COVID-19 Completed · 105 cited
  4. Phase 3 Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) Completed · 93 cited
  5. Phase 3 Inpatient Treatment of COVID-19 With Anti-Coronavirus Immunoglobulin (ITAC) Completed · 77 cited
  6. Phase 3 Dornase Alfa for ARDS in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Completed · 76 cited
  7. Phase 3 Novel Experimental COVID-19 Therapies Affecting Host Response Completed · 55 cited
  8. Phase 3 A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of Omicron Variant Vaccines in Comparison With mRNA-1273 Booster Vaccine for COVID-19 Completed · 53 cited
  9. Phase 3 To Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 Against COVID-19 in Healthy Pregnant Women 18 Years of Age and Older Completed · 53 cited
  10. Phase 3 A Study to Learn About New COVID-19 RNA Vaccine Candidates in COVID-19 Vaccine-Experienced Healthy Individuals Completed · 40 cited
  11. Phase 3 A Study to Learn About New COVD-19 RNA Vaccine Candidates for New Variants in Healthy Individuals Completed · 40 cited
  12. Phase 3 A Study of mRNA-1083 (SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza) Vaccine in Healthy Adult Participants, ≥50 Years of Age Completed · 39 cited
  13. Phase 4 Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of an RNA Vaccine Candidate Against COVID-19 in Healthy Japanese Adults Completed · 30 cited
  14. Phase 3 Multicenter Double Blind, Parallel-group Phase 2/3 Trial, to Study Raloxifene in Adult COVID-19 Patients. Completed · 30 cited
  15. Phase 3 Passive Immunity Trial for Our Nation to Treat COVID-19 in Hospitalized Adults Completed · 30 cited
  16. Phase 3 Safety and Immunogenicity Study of 20vPnC When Coadministered With a Booster Dose of BNT162b2 Completed · 28 cited
  17. Phase 3 Safety and Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 Coadministered With SIIV in Adults 18 Through 64 Years of Age Completed · 25 cited
  18. Phase 3 Study to Compare the Immunogenicity and Safety of 3 Lots of NVX-CoV2373 in Adults Completed · 23 cited
  19. Phase 3 Phase III Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of AZD1222 for the Prevention of COVID-19 in Adults Completed · 23 cited
  20. Phase 3 Colchicine/Statins for the Prevention of COVID-19 Complications (COLSTAT) Trial Completed · 13 cited
  21. Phase 3 A Study to Evaluate Safety and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 Vaccine to Prevent COVID-19 in Adult Organ Transplant Recipients and in Healthy Adult Participants Completed · 9 cited
  22. Phase 3 A Study to Evaluate Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older to Prevent COVID-19 Completed · 9 cited
  23. Phase 3 Phase II/III Study of AZD2816, for the Prevention of COVID-19 in Adults Completed · 9 cited
  24. Phase 3 Efficacy Study of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in Regions With SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Completed · 5 cited
  25. Phase 3 A Study of S-268019 for the Prevention of COVID-19 Completed · 4 cited
  26. Phase 3 A Study of SARS CoV-2 Infection and Potential Transmission in Individuals Immunized With Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Completed · 3 cited
  27. Phase 4 The Efficacy of the 2023-2024 Updated COVID-19 Vaccines Against COVID-19 Infection Completed · 1 cited
  28. Phase 3 A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Vaccine CVnCoV in Healthy Adults in Germany for COVID-19 Completed
  29. Phase 3 A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Multiple Production Lots and Dose Levels of BNT162b2 RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines Against COVID-19 in Healthy Participants Completed
  30. Phase 3 A Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, & Immunogenicity of Multiple Formulations of BNT162b2 Against COVID-19 in Healthy Adults Completed
  31. Phase 3 A Study of an Investigational mRNA-1273.815 COVID-19 Vaccine in Previously Vaccinated Adults Completed
  32. Phase 2 Safety and Immunogenicity of RNA-based Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Healthy Participants Completed
  33. Phase 2 A Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity Study of mRNA-1073 (COVID-19/Influenza) Vaccine in Adults 18 to 75 Years Old Completed
  34. Phase 2 Dose Finding Study to Evaluate The Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of an Inactiviated, Adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 Virus Vaccine Candidate Against Covid-19 in Healthy Subjects Completed
  35. Phase 2 GLS-5310 Vaccine for the Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Completed
  36. Phase 2 A Study to Learn About a Combined COVID-19 and Influenza Shot in Healthy Adults Completed
  37. Phase 2 A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of mRNA-1283 COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters Completed
  38. Phase 2 Convalescent Plasma for Treatment of COVID-19 Patients With Pneumonia Completed
  39. Phase 2 The Safety of Molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) and Its Effect on Viral Shedding of SARS-CoV-2 (END-COVID) Completed
  40. Phase 2 Convalescent Plasma to Limit SARS-CoV-2 Associated Complications Completed
  41. Phase 2 A Study of mRNA-based Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Multi-component Vaccines in Healthy Adults Completed
  42. Phase 2 Nigella Sativa in COVID-19 Completed
  43. Phase 2 A Dose-Confirmation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Vaccine CVnCoV in Healthy Adults for COVID-19 Completed
  44. Phase 2 A Safety and Tolerability Study of Sotrovimab (VIR-7831) Prophylaxis Against COVID-19 in Immunocompromised Individuals Completed

Showing the 50 most-cited and recently-updated of 106 trials. Browse the full registry →

Trial data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. Counts describe the research landscape and are not a treatment recommendation. Informational only — not medical advice.

What the trials found Updated — new results For clinicians

SARS-CoV-2 infection: what the trials found

Several vaccines have demonstrated immunogenicity and safety in diverse populations. [NEW] BNT162b2 (original and bivalent formulations) and mRNA-1273 (including variant-adapted versions) elicited robust neutralizing antibody responses and seroresponse rates, with acceptable reactogenicity profiles 1258111213142022. For example, mRNA-1273.211 showed geometric mean fold rises against XBB.1.5, BA.4/BA.5, and BQ.1.1 11, and BNT162b2 bivalent (original/Omicron BA.4/BA.5) had no grade ≥3 laboratory shifts 5. NVX-Cov2373 and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine (2023-2024 formula) were also studied 39. CVnCoV reduced virologically-confirmed COVID-19 cases (p=0.016) 15.

In therapeutic interventions, tocilizumab did not significantly reduce mechanical ventilation or death (p=0.64) or clinical worsening (p=0.73) 10. CT-P59 reduced hospitalization, oxygen therapy, or mortality in high-risk patients (p<0.0001) 16. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate was evaluated 17. ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers showed no significant difference in SOFA score or blood pressure outcomes 7. Dornase alfa inhalation solution and hyperimmune immunoglobulin (hIVIG) were studied but without significant efficacy signals 1819. TXA127 did not improve oxygen-free days or hospital-free days 21.

Safety data from large trials indicate that local and systemic reactions were generally mild to moderate. For BNT162b2, local reactions occurred in up to 7.6% after dose 1 and 6.0% after dose 2 8; systemic events were reported in up to 11.8% after dose 1 8. In a phase 3 trial, adverse events occurred in 26.3% of BNT162b2 recipients 13. mRNA-1273.529 had solicited reactogenicity in 84.5-89.9% of participants 20. No unexpected safety concerns were identified.

Recent results — preliminary, needs further review

  • Upamostat (phase 2, N=92) showed a change in overall COVID-19 symptom severity score of 2.1 in both groups, suggesting no benefit 4.
  • Sample collection studies (phase N/A, N=760) characterized SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody binding responses (IgG1, IgG3) by region and days since diagnosis 6.

For the clinician treating this condition

  • BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines (including variant-adapted versions) are immunogenic with acceptable safety profiles.
  • CT-P59 reduced hospitalization and mortality in high-risk patients; tocilizumab and hydroxychloroquine did not show benefit.
  • No therapeutic intervention (ACE inhibitors, dornase alfa, hIVIG, TXA127) demonstrated clear efficacy in hospitalized patients.

AI synthesis of 22 cited trials, updated Jun 23, 2026. Informational only — not medical advice; trial data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. How we use AI.

SARS-CoV-2 infection: current evidence & treatments

SARS-CoV-2 infection interacts with host E3 ubiquitin ligases to modulate viral replication and immune evasion, including inhibition of interferon production 1. The virus can also induce intestinal dysbiosis and modify immune signaling, with potential effects on neuropsychiatric and metabolic complications via the microbiota-gut-brain axis 11. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 relies on ACE2 receptors and TMPRSS2-mediated membrane fusion, hijacks the endoplasmic reticulum to induce stress responses, and can be detected as particles measuring 70-100 nm in infected cell supernatants [18, 24].

Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 include significant thromboembolic risk 2, a 41% increased risk of new-onset diabetes 13, and cardiovascular manifestations that require mechanism-informed, subgroup-based management 7. Omicron variants are associated with increased prevalence of multisystem long COVID and gastrointestinal symptoms 25. In children, two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine show a protective effect against multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) 14. For acute treatment, casirivimab plus imdevimab reduced risk of hospitalization or death in outpatients 3, while convalescent plasma did not reduce mortality in moderate to severe disease 15. Interleukin-7 therapy improved lymphocyte counts but did not reduce mortality in sepsis or COVID-19 8.

Safety and pharmacokinetic data show that nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in breast milk results in low infant exposure (1.8% of maternal dose for nirmatrelvir) 21, and intramuscular adintrevimab for prophylaxis had a 2.0% incidence of systemic treatment-emergent adverse events within 7 days 19. Clozapine use in severe mental disorders is linked to higher SARS-CoV-2 infection risk 22. Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (CoronaVac and Covilo) in adults aged 60-80 years induced neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers up to 59.4 under certain dosing schedules 23. High COVID-19 immunization coverage (93.2%) was achieved in Ghana 10, and a semantic FAIRness framework has been proposed to enhance COVID-19 data integration in the UAE 4.

Key drugs in the evidence

fluvoxamine 1 antipsychotic 1 metformin 1 clozapine 1 ritonavir 1 COVID-19 vaccines 1 nirmatrelvir 1 immune checkpoint inhibitors 1 ivermectin 1 nirsevimab 1

Latest findings

AI-generated synthesis of 18 cited studies, updated Jun 12, 2026. How we use AI.

HCP Mode — summaries include clinical detail, trial data, and statistical outcomes.
Patient Mode — summaries use plain language, avoiding clinical jargon.
COVID-19 was the third leading cause of death in the United States in 2021
Cardiology
COVID-19 was the third leading cause of death in the United States in 2021 COVID-19 was the third leading cause of death in the United States in 2021
A 2021 U.S. mortality data report indicates COVID-19 was the third leading cause of death, following heart disease and cancer.
In 2021, COVID-19 remained the third leading cause of death in the United States, trailing only heart disease and cancer.
CDC Apr 2, 2026
Report describes COVID-19 deaths among US cancer survivors in 2021
Oncology
Report describes COVID-19 deaths among US cancer survivors in 2021 How many cancer survivors died with COVID-19 listed as a cause in 2021?
A descriptive report examined deaths among cancer survivors in the United States during 2021 where COVID-19 was listed as an underlying caus…
A 2021 report confirms COVID-19 was a documented cause of death for some cancer survivors, though it lacks specific numbers or comparisons t…
CDC Apr 2, 2026
Simulation study finds HEPA air cleaners and masking reduce exposure to simulated SARS-CoV-2 aerosols
Dermatology
Simulation study finds HEPA air cleaners and masking reduce exposure to simulated SARS-CoV-2 aerosols Can air cleaners and masks reduce COVID risk indoors? A lab test suggests yes
A simulation study in a meeting room setting found that using HEPA air cleaners and masking reduced exposure to simulated SARS-CoV-2 aerosol…
Using portable air cleaners and masks together reduced simulated virus particles in a mock meeting room, suggesting these common tools can w…
CDC Apr 2, 2026
Case report: Ravulizumab successfully treated COVID-19-triggered complement-mediated TMA in a kidney transplant recipient
Rheumatology
Case report: Ravulizumab successfully treated COVID-19-triggered complement-mediated TMA in a kidney transplant recipient Doctors report a single case where ravulizumab treated a rare blood disorder after COVID-19 in a kidney transplant patient
A case report describes a 75-year-old kidney transplant recipient who developed complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy (CM-TMA) trig…
A kidney transplant patient with COVID-19 improved after doctors treated a rare blood disorder with ravulizumab, showing age shouldn't block…
Frontiers Mar 31, 2026
Phase 1/2/3 trial of BNT162b2, BNT162b1, and BNT162b2SA COVID-19 vaccines in 46,969 healthy individuals
Infectious Disease Phase III
Phase 1/2/3 trial of BNT162b2, BNT162b1, and BNT162b2SA COVID-19 vaccines in 46,969 healthy individuals How did the original COVID-19 vaccine hold up? A massive study tested its safety and effectiveness in nearly 47,000 people
This Phase 1/2/3, randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blind study evaluated the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and efficacy of t…
A massive study tested the safety and effectiveness of the original COVID-19 vaccine in nearly 47,000 healthy people across different ages.
CT.gov Mar 30, 2026

Questions about SARS-CoV-2 infection

Can the FindPart-w model help identify which SARS-CoV-2 lineage group my child has?

Yes, the FindPart-w model can identify SARS-CoV-2 lineage groups, but it is a research tool not yet available for individual patient use.

Full answer →