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Home › Conditions › Bladder Cancer

Bladder Cancer

21 published articles · Updated continuously

Clinical Trial Landscape

Clinical Trials for Bladder Cancer

165 trials tracked for Bladder Cancer: 19 in phase 3 or 4 and 9 with published results. The most-cited published study has 1434 citations.

165Trials tracked
19Phase 3 & 4
0Recruiting
9With published results
Phase distribution
Phase 4 4 Phase 3 15 Phase 2 104 Phase 1 14 Other / NA 28
  1. Phase 3 A Study of Atezolizumab Compared With Chemotherapy in Participants With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Bladder Cancer [IMvigor211] Completed · 1,434 cited
  2. Phase 3 A Study to Evaluate Enfortumab Vedotin Versus (vs) Chemotherapy in Subjects With Previously Treated Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer (EV-301) Completed · 1,221 cited
  3. Phase 3 ADSTILADRIN (=INSTILADRIN) in Patients With High-Grade, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Unresponsive Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) Completed · 468 cited
  4. Phase 3 S0337, Gemcitabine After Surgery in Treating Patients With Newly Diagnosed or Recurrent Bladder Cancer Completed · 241 cited
  5. Phase 4 Health Education Counseling With or Without Bupropion in Helping African Americans Stop Smoking Completed · 113 cited
  6. Phase 3 A Study of Blue Light Flexible Cystoscopy With Cysview in the Detection of Bladder Cancer in the Surveillance Setting Completed · 109 cited
Show 44 more trials
  1. Phase 3 Gemcitabine Hydrochloride and Cisplatin With or Without Bevacizumab in Treating Patients With Advanced Urinary Tract Cancer Completed · 58 cited
  2. Phase 3 The Bladder Instillation Comparison Study Completed · 39 cited
  3. Phase 4 Comparison of Obturator Nerve Blockade and Neuromuscular Blockade Completed · 10 cited
  4. Phase 4 Investigation of Sugammadex in Outpatient Urological Procedures Completed
  5. Phase 4 Counseling and Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Helping Adult Smokers Quit Smoking Completed
  6. Phase 3 Single Dose Intravesical Apaziquone Postoperative in Patients Undergoing TURBT for Noninvasive Bladder Cancer (SPI-611) Completed
  7. Phase 3 Single Dose Intravesical Apaziquone Postoperative in Patients Undergoing TURBT for Noninvasive Bladder Cancer (SPI-612) Completed
  8. Phase 3 Vicinium Treatment for Subjects With Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Previously Treated With BCG Completed
  9. Phase 3 A Study of Nivolumab Plus Bempegaldesleukin (Bempeg/NKTR-214) vs Nivolumab Alone vs Standard of Care in Participants With Bladder Cancer That May Have Invaded The Muscle Wall of the Bladder and Who Cannot Get Cisplatin, A Type of Medicine Given To Treat Bladder Cancer Completed
  10. Phase 3 Feasibility of Home Instillation of UGN-102 for Treatment of Low-Grade (LG) Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) Completed
  11. Phase 3 Comparative Study of Hexvix Blue Light Cystoscopy and White Light Cystoscopy in the Detection of Bladder Cancer Completed
  12. Phase 3 A Randomized, Comparative Study of Hexvix Fluorescence Cystoscopy and Standard Cystoscopy in Patients With Non-invasive Bladder Cancer Completed
  13. Phase 3 Study to Improve Detection and Early Recurrence Rate in Bladder Cancer Patients Using Hexvix Fluorescence Cystoscopy Completed
  14. Phase 2 Study of Gemcitabine and Cisplatin With or Without Cetuximab in Urothelial Cancer Completed
  15. Phase 2 RAD001 and Intravesical Gemcitabine in BCG-Refractory Primary or Secondary Carcinoma In Situ of the Bladder Completed
  16. Phase 2 Nivolumab and RT in Treating Patients With Localized/Locally Advanced Urothelial Bladder Cancer Ineligible for Chemo Completed
  17. Phase 2 Phase II Study of Isoflavone G-2535 (Genistein) in Patients With Bladder Cancer Completed
  18. Phase 2 Avelumab in Combination With Fluorouracil and Mitomycin or Cisplatin and Radiation Therapy in Treating Participants With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Completed
  19. Phase 2 A Study of Tremelimumab and IV Durvalumab Plus Poly-ICLC in Subjects With Biopsy-accessible Cancers Completed
  20. Phase 2 Sirolimus, Cisplatin, and Gemcitabine Hydrochloride in Treating Patients With Bladder Cancer Completed
  21. Phase 2 Pembrolizumab and Combination Chemotherapy Before Surgery for the Treatment of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Completed
  22. Phase 2 Bupropion in Helping Adults Stop Smoking Completed
  23. Phase 2 Tisotumab Vedotin Continued Treatment in Patients With Solid Tumors. Completed
  24. Phase 2 Acupuncture for the Treatment of Intravesical BCG-Related Adverse Events in High-Risk Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Completed
  25. Phase 2 Evaluating Immune Therapy, Durvalumab (MEDI4736) With Tremelimumab for Metastatic, Non-transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Tract Completed
  26. Phase 2 Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Stage I Bladder Cancer Completed
  27. Phase 2 Study of Regorafenib for Urothelial Cancer Following Chemotherapy (UAB 1477) Completed
  28. Phase 2 Genomic Based Assignment of Therapy in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma Completed
  29. Phase 2 Evaluation of NanoDoce® in Participants With Urothelial Carcinoma Completed
  30. Phase 2 Sunitinib in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced Bladder Cancer Completed
  31. Phase 2 Study of Tislelizumab in Participants With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Bladder Cancer Completed
  32. Phase 2 Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Adriamycin and Cisplatin (M-VAC) Plus Avastin in Patients With Urothelial Cancer Completed
  33. Phase 2 Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage II or Stage III Bladder Cancer That Was Removed by Surgery Completed
  34. Phase 2 VEGF Trap in Treating Patients With Recurrent, Locally Advanced, or Metastatic Cancer of the Urothelium Completed
  35. Phase 2 Intravesical Administration of rAd-IFN/Syn3 in Patients With BCG-Refractory or Relapsed Bladder Cancer Completed
  36. Phase 2 Phase II Pazopanib in Combination With Weekly Paclitaxel in Refractory Urothelial Cancer Completed
  37. Phase 2 Trial of Gemcitabine, Carboplatin, and Sorafenib in Chemotherapy-naive Patients With Advanced/Metastatic Bladder Carcinoma Completed
  38. Phase 2 2 Phase Comparison of Pre-operative CT and PET Images for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Completed
  39. Phase 2 Cisplatin and Gemcitabine Hydrochloride With or Without Berzosertib in Treating Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Cancer Completed
  40. Phase 2 Copanlisib (BAY 80-6946) in Combination With Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma Completed
  41. Phase 2 Intravesicular Abraxane for Treatment-Refractory Bladder Cancer Completed
  42. Phase 2 Study of Tremelimumab in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors Completed
  43. Phase 2 A Single-Arm Study of Bempegaldesleukin (NKTR-214) Plus Nivolumab in Cisplatin Ineligible Patients Who Have Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer Completed
  44. Phase 2 A Phase II Study of AZD4877 (a Novel Anti-mitotic Agent) in Advanced Bladder Cancer Completed

Showing the 50 most-cited and recently-updated of 165 trials. Browse the full registry →

Trial data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. Counts describe the research landscape and are not a treatment recommendation. Informational only — not medical advice.

What the trials found Updated — new results For clinicians

Bladder Cancer: what the trials found

In muscle-invasive or metastatic bladder cancer, enfortumab vedotin significantly improved overall survival (12.88 vs 8.97 months, p=0.00142), progression-free survival (5.55 vs 3.71 months, p<0.00001), and overall response rate (40.6% vs 17.9%, p<0.001) compared to standard therapy 10. Atezolizumab, however, did not demonstrate a significant overall survival benefit (p=0.4134) in a large phase 3 trial 9. Bevacizumab also failed to improve overall survival (p=0.1707) and was associated with more grade 3+ toxicity 14.

For non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, several intravesical or diagnostic agents have shown benefit. Hexaminolevulinate blue light cystoscopy detected additional malignancies not seen with white light cystoscopy (p<0.0001) 13. ADSTILADRIN (nadofaragene firadenovec) achieved a complete response rate of 55% in CIS patients 11. Vicinium (oportuzumab monatox) produced a complete response rate of 39% at 3 months, with durability at later time points 19. Gemcitabine reduced disease recurrence rate (27.86% vs 40%, p=0.01) 12. Apaziquone trials showed mixed results: one trial found a significant improvement in time to recurrence (p=0.0412) but no difference in recurrence rate at 2 years (p=0.1068) 20, while another found no significant differences in either endpoint (p=0.1094 and p=0.1038) 21.

In the perioperative or supportive care setting, bupropion hydrochloride did not significantly improve smoking abstinence at 6 months (p=.23) 5, but nicotine lozenge showed a borderline significant improvement in 24-hour point prevalence abstinence at 6 months (p=.05) 8. Other trials addressed procedural or supportive aspects: obturator block 6 and rocuronium 7 were studied in the context of bladder cancer surgery, but no outcome data were provided. Mitomycin C was evaluated for safety, with some patients experiencing no grade ≥3 adverse events 15. UGN-102 was studied in a small trial (N=8) with post-instillation questionnaire scores reported 17.

Recent results — preliminary, needs further review

  • A phase 2 trial (N=63) is investigating IO102-IO103 in combination with pembrolizumab for bladder cancer 1.
  • A phase 1 trial (N=12) is evaluating L-NMMA as a potential therapy 2.
  • A trial (N=24) assessed P3BC, reporting acceptability scale scores of 71.4% and 62.5% across different groups, and program evaluation scale responses showing mixed agreement/disagreement percentages 3.
  • A trial (N=174) evaluated Cancer Resource Information Support (CRIS) and found no significant differences in quality of life for patients (p=0.18) or caregivers (p=0.073), and no significant difference in infection rate (p=0.48) 4.

For the clinician treating this condition

  • Enfortumab vedotin is an effective option for advanced bladder cancer, improving survival and response rates 10.
  • Atezolizumab and bevacizumab have not shown overall survival benefit in this setting 914.
  • Blue light cystoscopy with hexaminolevulinate improves detection of malignant lesions, especially CIS 13.
  • Intravesical therapies like ADSTILADRIN and Vicinium show meaningful complete response rates in CIS 1119.

AI synthesis of 19 cited trials, updated Sep 5, 2026. Informational only — not medical advice; trial data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. How we use AI.

HCP Mode — summaries include clinical detail, trial data, and statistical outcomes.
Patient Mode — summaries use plain language, avoiding clinical jargon.
Pertuzumab-based regimens and FOLFIRINOX are cost-effective for specific cancers while neoadjuvant pembrolizumab is not
Drug Pipeline Meta-analysis
Pertuzumab-based regimens and FOLFIRINOX are cost-effective for specific cancers while neoadjuvant pembrolizumab is not New data shows cost-effectiveness of specific cancer drug regimens
This systematic review evaluates the cost-effectiveness of neoadjuvant regimens for breast, bladder, and pancreatic cancers. It finds pertuz…
New research identifies which cancer treatments are cost-effective, helping doctors and patients navigate the high costs of advanced care.
Frontiers Sep 13, 2026
ADC resistance in bladder cancer is multifactorial, review finds, with no validated overcoming strategy
Drug Pipeline Sys. Review
ADC resistance in bladder cancer is multifactorial, review finds, with no validated overcoming strategy New research identifies why some bladder cancer drugs stop working
This systematic review examines mechanisms of resistance to antibody-drug conjugates in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma.…
Doctors are uncovering the complex reasons why certain bladder cancer treatments lose their power, helping pave the way for more precise the…
Frontiers Sep 13, 2026
HER2 overexpression significantly associates with higher grade, progression, and lymph node metastasis in bladder cancer
Urology Meta-analysis
HER2 overexpression significantly associates with higher grade, progression, and lymph node metastasis in bladder cancer HER2 Overexpression Linked to Higher Risk in Bladder Cancer
This meta-analysis of 2799 patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder identifies significant associations between HER2 overexpression…
New research links HER2 protein levels to more aggressive features and higher recurrence rates in patients with bladder cancer.
Sep 5, 2026
Thiazolidinediones increase bladder cancer risk while SGLT2 inhibitors show potential protective effects in Type 2 Diabetes
Urology Meta-analysis
Thiazolidinediones increase bladder cancer risk while SGLT2 inhibitors show potential protective effects in Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes medications show different links to bladder cancer risk
This meta-analysis of 85 studies evaluated the association between various antidiabetic medications and bladder cancer risk in patients with…
New data shows that while some diabetes medications may increase bladder cancer risk, others might offer a protective effect.
Sep 5, 2026
Low preoperative AGR tied to worse survival in bladder cancer, meta-analysis finds
Rheumatology Meta-analysis
Low preoperative AGR tied to worse survival in bladder cancer, meta-analysis finds Low protein levels in blood may signal worse outcomes for bladder cancer
This meta-analysis of 8 studies (8305 patients) found that low preoperative albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR) is associated with poorer cancer…
A specific blood test measuring the ratio of proteins could help doctors predict how well a patient with bladder cancer will respond to trea…
Frontiers Aug 25, 2026
Higher preoperative systemic immune-inflammation index is associated with reduced overall survival in bladder cancer
Oncology Meta-analysis
Higher preoperative systemic immune-inflammation index is associated with reduced overall survival in bladder cancer Higher Immune Inflammation Index Linked to Poorer Bladder Cancer Survival
This meta-analysis of 6,288 patients identifies a significant association between higher preoperative systemic immune-inflammation index (SI…
A high immune-inflammation index may signal a poorer outlook for patients undergoing surgery for bladder cancer.
Frontiers Aug 15, 2026
Mechanical stress drives metabolic reprogramming and stromal remodeling in the bladder cancer microenvironment
Genetics & Precision Medicine Sys. Review
Mechanical stress drives metabolic reprogramming and stromal remodeling in the bladder cancer microenvironment Mechanical stress drives cancer growth and drug resistance in bladder cancer
This systematic review examines how mechanical stresses like ECM stiffening and fluid shear stress influence the bladder cancer microenviron…
Physical pressure on tissues can change how bladder cancer cells behave, making them harder to treat with standard therapies.
Frontiers Aug 7, 2026
Clinical complete response shows limited concordance with pathological complete response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Urology Meta-analysis
Clinical complete response shows limited concordance with pathological complete response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer Clinical response in bladder cancer may not predict surgical outcomes
This systematic review and meta-analysis of 1075 patients evaluated the relationship between clinical complete response (cCR) and pathologic…
A new look at bladder cancer data shows that current clinical tests often fail to accurately predict if surgery will successfully remove all…
Aug 4, 2026
Radiomics and spatial omics offer theoretical framework for precision bladder cancer care
Allergy & Immunology Sys. Review
Radiomics and spatial omics offer theoretical framework for precision bladder cancer care New Imaging and Spatial Data Help Map Bladder Cancer
This systematic review synthesizes evidence on radiomics and spatial omics for characterizing the bladder cancer immune microenvironment. It…
Advanced imaging and spatial mapping offer new ways to study the complex environment around bladder cancer tumors.
Frontiers Jul 8, 2026
Stapled ileo-ileal anastomosis shows no significant difference from hand-sewn for perioperative outcomes in bladder cancer
Urology Meta-analysis
Stapled ileo-ileal anastomosis shows no significant difference from hand-sewn for perioperative outcomes in bladder cancer Stapled vs hand-sewn bowel connection: similar outcomes
This meta-analysis of 529 patients compares stapled and hand-sewn ileo-ileal anastomosis following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Th…
For bladder cancer patients, stapled and hand-sewn bowel connections after bladder removal have similar safety and recovery, with only tiny …
Jul 5, 2026
Immune-mediated approaches like BCG and oncolytic viruses show the most advanced clinical translation in bladder cancer
Urology Sys. Review
Immune-mediated approaches like BCG and oncolytic viruses show the most advanced clinical translation in bladder cancer Living cancer therapies show promise for bladder cancer
This narrative review examines Living Cancer Therapeutics (LCTs), including bacteria, viruses, and microbiome-based oncobiotics for urinary …
A review finds five ways living therapies like bacteria and viruses could fight bladder cancer, but most are still early-stage.
Frontiers Jun 23, 2026
Radiomics-based machine learning achieves high AUROC for preoperative risk stratification in bladder cancer
Oncology Meta-analysis
Radiomics-based machine learning achieves high AUROC for preoperative risk stratification in bladder cancer Machine Learning May Help Identify Risks in Bladder Cancer
This systematic review and meta-analysis of 57 studies involving 11,933 participants evaluated radiomics-based machine learning for preopera…
New analysis shows machine learning can help identify muscle invasion and tumor grades in patients with bladder cancer using imaging data.
Jun 16, 2026

Questions about Bladder Cancer

Can machine learning help predict risks before surgery for bladder cancer?

Yes, machine learning models using CT scans and clinical data can predict survival and metastasis risk before bladder cancer surgery, with some models achieving high accuracy.

Full answer →
Does adding gemcitabine improve survival for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients?

Yes, adding gemcitabine to cisplatin-based chemotherapy improves survival for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients, as shown in the NIAGARA trial.

Full answer →
Does adding mitomycin to BCG help high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer?

No, adding mitomycin to BCG did not improve disease-free survival in high-risk NMIBC patients in a large randomized trial.

Full answer →
Is cisplatin better than carboplatin for surviving advanced bladder cancer?

Yes, cisplatin-based chemotherapy is associated with better overall survival than carboplatin for advanced bladder cancer, but carboplatin is used when patients cannot tolerate cisplatin due to kidney problems or other health issues.

Full answer →

All Bladder Cancer Articles