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Chronic Kidney Disease

Part of Kidney Diseases

Subtypes of Chronic Kidney Disease

End Stage Renal Disease 15 End-stage kidney disease 6 Kidney Transplant Rejection 3 Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology 1

155 published articles · Updated continuously

Clinical Trial Landscape

Clinical Trials for Chronic Kidney Disease

416 trials tracked for Chronic Kidney Disease: 146 in phase 3 or 4 and 47 with published results. The most-cited published study has 2610 citations.

416Trials tracked
146Phase 3 & 4
0Recruiting
47With published results
Phase distribution
Phase 4 62 Phase 3 84 Phase 2 112 Phase 1 23 Other / NA 135
  1. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Kidney Disease Completed · 2,610 cited
  2. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Clinical Diagnosis of Diabetic Kidney Disease Completed · 1,555 cited
  3. Phase 3 Belatacept Evaluation of Nephroprotection and Efficacy as First-line Immunosuppression (BENEFIT) Completed · 754 cited
  4. Phase 3 A Study Comparing Dulaglutide With Insulin Glargine on Glycemic Control in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and Moderate or Severe Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Completed · 634 cited
  5. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Tolvaptan in Subjects With Chronic Kidney Disease Between Late Stage 2 to Early Stage 4 Due to Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Completed · 610 cited
  6. Phase 3 Prevention of Serious Adverse Events Following Angiography Completed · 501 cited
Show 44 more trials
  1. Phase 3 Head-to-Head Study of Etelcalcetide (AMG 416) and Cinacalcet Completed · 302 cited
  2. Phase 3 Campath, Calcineurin Inhibitor Reduction and Chronic Allograft Nephropathy Completed · 148 cited
  3. Phase 3 Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation in Chronic Kidney Disease Evaluation of Dose Response, Safety and Beneficial Effects Completed · 132 cited
  4. Phase 3 Chronic Kidney Disease Antidepressant Sertraline Trial Completed · 122 cited
  5. Phase 3 Denosumab for Prevention of Osteoporosis in Renal Transplant Recipients Completed · 103 cited
  6. Phase 3 Iron Isomaltoside/Ferric Derisomaltose vs Iron Sucrose for Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Non-Dialysis-Dependent Chronic Kidney Disease Completed · 97 cited
  7. Phase 3 Alkali Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease Completed · 92 cited
  8. Phase 3 A Study in Maintenance Kidney Transplant Recipients Following Conversion to Nulojix® (Belatacept)-Based Completed · 91 cited
  9. Phase 3 Comparing Safety and Immunogenicity of HEPLISAV-B® to Engerix-B® in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients Completed · 82 cited
  10. Phase 4 Pilot Study of Velcade® in IgA Nephropathy Completed · 64 cited
  11. Phase 4 ISCHEMIA-Chronic Kidney Disease Trial Completed · 63 cited
  12. Phase 3 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Affect on Kidneys in Endurance Distances Completed · 59 cited
  13. Phase 4 CamTac Trial:Campath-Tacrolimus vs IL2R MoAb/Tacrolimus/MMF in Renal Transplantation Completed · 52 cited
  14. Phase 4 A Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Tacrolimus ER Dosing in Obese Kidney Transplant Recipients Completed · 47 cited
  15. Phase 3 A Phase 3 Study Comparing the Effects of Subcutaneous Epoetin Hospira and Epoetin Alfa [Epogen] (Amgen) in Patients With Chronic Renal Failure Requiring Hemodialysis and Receiving Epoetin Maintenance Treatment. AiME - Anemia Management With Epoetin Completed · 46 cited
  16. Phase 4 Cost Comparison Study of Darbepoetin Versus Epoetin Therapy to Treat Anemia in Hemodialysis Patients Completed · 45 cited
  17. Phase 3 A Phase 3 Study Comparing the Effects of Intravenous Epoetin Hospira and Epoetin Alfa [Epogen] (Amgen) in Patients With Chronic Renal Failure Requiring Hemodialysis and Receiving Epoetin Maintenance Treatment. AiME - Anemia Management With Epoetin Completed · 45 cited
  18. Phase 4 Glargine Versus NPH in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Completed · 44 cited
  19. Phase 3 A Study of PRT-201 Administered Immediately After Radiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistula(AVF) Creation in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (PATENCY-1) Completed · 44 cited
  20. Phase 3 Study Investigating a Standard Regimen in de Novo Kidney Transplant Patients Versus a Calcineurin Inhibitor (CNI)-Free Regimen and a CNI-low Dose Regimen Completed · 35 cited
  21. Phase 4 Post-authorization Safety Study in CKD Subjects Receiving HX575 i.v. Completed · 34 cited
  22. Phase 4 Impact of Everolimus on HIV Persistence Post Kidney or Liver Transplant Completed · 31 cited
  23. Phase 3 Effect of Nitric Oxide in Cardiac Surgery Patients With Endothelial Dysfunction. Completed · 30 cited
  24. Phase 4 Angiotensin II Blockade for Chronic Allograft Nephropathy Completed · 29 cited
  25. Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Study of the Venous Window Needle Guide to Access Arteriovenous (AV)Fistulae Completed · 29 cited
  26. Phase 3 EMPA-KIDNEY (The Study of Heart and Kidney Protection With Empagliflozin) Completed · 25 cited
  27. Phase 3 A Study of Vonapanitase (PRT-201) Administered Immediately After Radiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistula(AVF) Creation in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (PATENCY-2) Completed · 24 cited
  28. Phase 4 Rifaximin Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease Completed · 22 cited
  29. Phase 4 Bela 8 Week Dosing Completed · 19 cited
  30. Phase 3 12 Month Athena Study: Everolimus vs. Standard Regimen in de Novo Kidney Transplant Patients Completed · 13 cited
  31. Phase 4 Vitamin D and Coronary Calcification Study Completed · 12 cited
  32. Phase 3 A Research Study to Find Out How Semaglutide Works in the Kidneys Compared to Placebo, in People With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease (the REMODEL Trial) Completed · 12 cited
  33. Phase 3 The Effect of Glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonism on Diabetic Kidney Disease Completed · 10 cited
  34. Phase 3 The BASE Study: Bicarbonate Administration to Stabilize Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) Completed · 10 cited
  35. Phase 4 Study of Pegloticase in Participants With Uncontrolled Gout Who Have Had a Kidney Transplant Completed · 8 cited
  36. Phase 3 A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on Renal Outcomes and Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Completed · 6 cited
  37. Phase 4 Trial to Optimize Mineral Outcomes in Dialysis Patients Completed · 4 cited
  38. Phase 4 Phosphate Lowering in CKD Trial Completed · 2 cited
  39. Phase 4 Continuing Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate (SZC) After Discharge Study Completed · 2 cited
  40. Phase 3 Trial of Randomized Antibiotic Administration in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Completed · 2 cited
  41. Phase 3 Pharmacokinetics and Safety of MB-102 (Relmapirazin) and the MediBeacon Transdermal GFR Measurement System in Evaluation of Kidney Function in Normal and Renal Compromised Subjects Completed · 2 cited
  42. Phase 4 Pharmacokinetic Profile of Myfortic in Combination With Tacrolimus in Fed Versus Fasting State Completed
  43. Phase 4 A Pilot Study of Chlorthalidone Among Patients With Poorly Controlled Hypertension and CKD Completed
  44. Phase 4 Mycophenolate Mofetil and Rapamycin as Secondary Intervention vs. Continuation of Calcineurin Inhibitors in Patients at Risk for Chronic Renal Allograft Failure Completed

Showing the 50 most-cited and recently-updated of 416 trials. Browse the full registry →

Trial data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. Counts describe the research landscape and are not a treatment recommendation. Informational only — not medical advice.

What the trials found Updated — new results For clinicians

Chronic Kidney Disease: what the trials found

Ertugliflozin 15 mg was shown to have a significant modifying effect on blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease (p=0.0174) 1. Additionally, the use of Glargine insulin resulted in statistically significant differences in A1c levels (p=0.00045), while the number of hypoglycemic events did not differ significantly (p=0.35) 22.

In transplant and management settings, Campath showed no significant difference in one-year survival with a functioning graft (p=0.467) or rejection episodes (p=0.138) 19. Tacrolimus extended release demonstrated no significant difference in exposure levels or time to therapeutic level in obese patients 20. Epoetin Alfa was evaluated for cost and hemoglobin outcomes, with results showing a mean hemoglobin of 108-109.8 21.

Regarding specific complications, Bortezomib (Velcade®) was associated with proteinuria levels of 1.43 to 2.52 in a small cohort 17. In broader clinical contexts, medication interventions showed comparable rates for death from any cause or myocardial infarction (36.4% vs 36.7%) 18.

Recent results — preliminary, needs further review

  • • Ziltivekimab significantly reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) levels (p=<0.0001) 5. • BI 764198 showed a significant reduction in the 24-hour Urine Protein Creatinine Ratio (UPCR) at week 12 (p=0.0024) 8. • Lorundrostat 25mg plus SGLT2i showed a placebo-adjusted decrease in systolic blood pressure of -9.253 4. • Semaglutide did not show significant changes in kidney oxygenation (cortex, medulla) or global kidney perfusion 3. • A fast ultrafiltration challenge demonstrated a diagnostic performance of 0.74 to detect de novo preload dependence (p=0.02) 15.

For the clinician treating this condition

  • Ertugliflozin 15 mg is associated with significant modifications in blood pressure for patients with chronic kidney disease 1.
  • Ziltivekimab demonstrated a highly significant reduction in Hs-CRP levels 5.
  • BI 764198 showed statistically significant improvements in the urine protein creatinine ratio (UPCR) at 12 weeks 8.

AI synthesis of 12 cited trials, updated Jun 15, 2026. Informational only — not medical advice; trial data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. How we use AI.

Chronic Kidney Disease: current evidence & treatments

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) encompasses a range of clinical challenges, from early detection to management of complications and transplantation. Cystatin C demonstrates good diagnostic performance for sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AUC 0.88) 1. In diabetic kidney disease, semaglutide reduces the risk of kidney decline or death 3, while prediction models for progression to end-stage renal disease show good discrimination (pooled AUC 0.896) 22. FGF23 levels are elevated in diabetic kidney disease 23, and exosomes show promise as biomarkers 14.

Kidney transplantation improves cardiac structure, reducing left-ventricular mass index by 22 g/m² 8. For highly sensitized candidates, risk-adapted HLA delisting and imlifidase enable transplantation 2. Steroid avoidance may reduce death and diabetes after transplant but increases rejection risk 6. In CKD, gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to complications via interconnected pathways 13, and immune dysregulation may drive disease through the microbiota-gut-kidney axis 7. Nutritional vitamin D reduces CRP in hemodialysis patients 16, and education interventions reduce caregiver burden 12.

For kidney stones, ECIRS triples stone-free odds versus PCNL 10, and fluoroless ultrasound-guided techniques lower complications 9. Prenatal NSAID exposure is linked to higher kidney disease risk in children (aOR 2.40) 21. Pyrethroid insecticide exposure may cause acute kidney injury 17. Complement activation is a convergent mechanism in AKI 20. Leukocyte telomere length is shorter in CKD 11. Salvianolic acids show anti-fibrotic activity in preclinical kidney disease models 25, and Jinlida Granule reduces serum creatinine and HbA1c in diabetic kidney disease 5.

Key drugs in the evidence

SGLT2 inhibitors 5 semaglutide 4 GLP-1 receptor agonists 3 dapagliflozin 3 exenatide 2 finerenone 2 lixisenatide 2 roxadustat 2 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor 1 omega-3 fatty acids 1

Latest findings

AI-generated synthesis of 20 cited studies, updated Jun 12, 2026. How we use AI.

HCP Mode — summaries include clinical detail, trial data, and statistical outcomes.
Patient Mode — summaries use plain language, avoiding clinical jargon.

Research across Kidney Diseases

Related studies from across the Kidney Diseases family.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis and microbial metabolites impair renal function in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
Nephrology Sys. Review
Gut microbiota dysbiosis and microbial metabolites impair renal function in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury Sepsis may damage kidneys by letting gut bacteria toxins leak into the blood
This narrative review examines the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury and acute kidney injury. The au…
A review suggests that sepsis changes gut bacteria, causing harmful toxins to leak and hurt kidneys in humans and animals.
Meta-analysis of sirolimus for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in kidney transplant recipients
Dermatology Meta-analysis
Meta-analysis of sirolimus for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in kidney transplant recipients Sirolimus lowers skin cancer risk in kidney transplant patients
This meta-analysis of four randomized trials in kidney transplant recipients with prior cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma found that switchi…
A review of studies shows switching to sirolimus can cut skin cancer rates, but it may cause more side effects.
Review of environmental exposures in agricultural communities with chronic kidney disease of unknown cause
Nephrology
Review of environmental exposures in agricultural communities with chronic kidney disease of unknown cause New research hunts the hidden causes of kidney disease in farming communities
This publication is a review examining potential environmental exposures in agricultural communities in Central America and South Asia. The …
A new study hunts for the hidden causes of kidney disease in farming communities across Central America and South Asia.
Oral beraprost extends median survival in dogs with IRIS stage 2 chronic kidney disease compared to historical controls
Neurology RCT
Oral beraprost extends median survival in dogs with IRIS stage 2 chronic kidney disease compared to historical controls Beraprost Adds Years to Dogs’ Lives with Early Kidney Disease
This prospective clinical study evaluated oral beraprost in dogs with naturally occurring IRIS stage 2 chronic kidney disease.
Dogs with early kidney disease who took a certain medication lived more than five times longer than those who didn’t — and vets are taking n…
Narrative review supports SGLT-2i use in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome
Drug Pipeline Sys. Review
Narrative review supports SGLT-2i use in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome New Treatment Shifts How We Fight Heart, Kidney, and Diabetes Damage
This narrative review summarizes evidence on SGLT-2 inhibitors for patients with stages 2–4 cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.
Maria, 58, has type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure.
Body roundness index shows significant association with metabolic syndrome but constrained predictive ability for other CKM outcomes
Diabetes & Endocrinology Meta-analysis
Body roundness index shows significant association with metabolic syndrome but constrained predictive ability for other CKM outcomes A Simple Body Measurement May Reveal Your Hidden Health Risk
This systematic review and meta-analysis of 93 observational studies from 13 countries evaluated the body roundness index (BRI) against conv…
A simple math formula using your height and waist size may help doctors catch silent health problems long before they turn serious.
Higher cumulative inflammatory-metabolic index linked to increased risk of rapid kidney function decline in older adults
Nutrition & Obesity Medicine Cohort
Higher cumulative inflammatory-metabolic index linked to increased risk of rapid kidney function decline in older adults A Simple Blood Test May Now Predict Your Kidney Health Years Earlier
A cohort study of 6,888 middle-aged and older adults found that each one-unit increase in cumulative C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose…
A simple blood test combining inflammation and sugar levels can predict rapid kidney decline years before serious damage occurs in adults.
Modified cardiometabolic index predicts mortality in adults with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome better than traditional indices
Cardiology Cohort
Modified cardiometabolic index predicts mortality in adults with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome better than traditional indices New Score Predicts Heart and Kidney Risk Better Than Old Tests
This prospective cohort study of 5,189 adults with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome assessed the modified cardiometabolic index (MCM…
A new health score predicts heart and kidney failure risk better than standard blood tests, revealing hidden dangers in millions of patients…
Biological age acceleration linked to faster progression from cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic disease to dementia
Geriatrics & Aging
Biological age acceleration linked to faster progression from cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic disease to dementia Your Body Might Be Older Than Your Birthday Says
A prospective cohort study of 433,911 UK Biobank participants found biological age acceleration was associated with increased risk of transi…
People whose biological age ran ahead of their calendar age moved faster through a chain of chronic diseases that ended in dementia or earli…
Higher BUN/Cr ratio linked to increased mortality in older patients with sepsis-associated AKI
Diabetes & Endocrinology Cohort
Higher BUN/Cr ratio linked to increased mortality in older patients with sepsis-associated AKI A Simple Blood Test Ratio Could Predict Survival in Severe Infections
A retrospective cohort study of 764 patients aged ≥50 years with sepsis-associated AKI found each 1-unit increase in BUN/Cr ratio was associ…
A simple blood test ratio linked to kidney failure in severe infections now helps doctors predict which patients face higher survival risks.
CI-AKI in ACS patients undergoing PCI was associated with a 4.7-fold increased hazard of death within 90 days
Cardiology Cohort
CI-AKI in ACS patients undergoing PCI was associated with a 4.7-fold increased hazard of death within 90 days Dye in Heart Attack Treatment Raises Death Risk
This prospective cohort study evaluated 192 patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with percutaneous coronary intervention.
A dye used to clear blocked heart arteries can damage kidneys and raise the risk of death within 90 days for patients with acute coronary sy…
UK retrospective cohort study of tolvaptan prescribing in ADPKD reveals significant variation in initiation and substantial national costs
Nephrology Cohort
UK retrospective cohort study of tolvaptan prescribing in ADPKD reveals significant variation in initiation and substantial national costs UK Kidney Centers Miss Out on Life-Saving Drug for Millions
This retrospective cohort study analyzed tolvaptan prescribing patterns among 3,609 people with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease…
Over 12 million people with a genetic kidney disease worldwide are missing out on a life-saving drug because UK doctors aren't always prescr…

Questions about Chronic Kidney Disease

Does taking NSAIDs during pregnancy increase the risk of kidney disease in my child?

A large review of seven studies found that taking NSAIDs during pregnancy is linked to a higher risk of kidney disease in children, with the risk increasing when used in the second and third trimesters.

Full answer →
Are there new guidelines for kidney cancer based on recent 2025 trials?

Yes, the 2025 EAU guidelines update kidney cancer care with new recommendations on stereotactic body radiotherapy, adjuvant therapy, and systemic treatments for clear-cell and hereditary RCC.

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How can artificial intelligence help patients with kidney cancer in surgery?

Artificial intelligence helps kidney cancer patients by improving tumor detection on scans, planning robotic surgeries, and predicting surgical outcomes to reduce complications.

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Are complication risks for kidney stone surgery higher in elderly patients?

Yes, elderly patients have higher risks of sepsis after PCNL, but overall complication rates are similar to younger patients for most kidney stone surgeries.

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Do complement pathways play a role in kidney diseases affecting my transplant?

Yes, complement pathways are involved in kidney transplant rejection, including antibody-mediated rejection, and may be targeted for therapy.

Full answer →
What mechanisms link obesity to inflammation in chronic kidney disease?

Obesity fuels kidney inflammation through adipose tissue dysfunction, lipotoxicity, altered secretion of inflammatory factors, and gut-derived uremic toxins, creating a vicious cycle that worsens chronic kidney disease.

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Can layered data models help doctors find my risk for diabetic kidney disease earlier?

Yes, layered data models that combine clinical, lab, medication, and social data can help doctors detect diabetic kidney disease risk earlier than traditional methods alone.

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Can a machine learning model find hidden diabetic kidney disease while I am hospitalized?

Yes, a machine learning model using routine hospital data can detect hidden diabetic kidney disease, even when standard tests appear normal.

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See all 10 questions about Chronic Kidney Disease →