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Home › Conditions › Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis

Subtypes of Tuberculosis

Pulmonary Tuberculosis 10 Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis 9 Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis 4 Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection 3 Tuberculous meningitis 3 Latent Tuberculosis Infection 2 Bone tuberculosis 1 Cerebral tuberculosis 1 Lymph node tuberculosis 1 Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis 1 Post-tuberculosis lung disease 1 Renal Tuberculosis 1 Spinal Tuberculosis 1 Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 0 Meningeal Tuberculosis 0 Tuberculous psoas abscesses 0 Tuberculous serous effusions 0

91 published articles · Updated continuously

Clinical Trial Landscape

Clinical Trials for Tuberculosis

108 trials tracked for Tuberculosis: 19 in phase 3 or 4 and 10 with published results. The most-cited published study has 597 citations.

108Trials tracked
19Phase 3 & 4
0Recruiting
10With published results
Phase distribution
Phase 4 12 Phase 3 7 Phase 2 41 Phase 1 15 Other / NA 33
  1. Phase 3 Various Doses and Durations of Linezolid Plus Bedaquiline & Pretomanid in Participants With Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Completed · 597 cited
  2. Phase 3 Brief Rifapentine-Isoniazid Evaluation for TB Prevention (BRIEF TB) Completed · 377 cited
  3. Phase 4 Study of Limited Versus Continuous Isoniazid Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy in HIV-infected Persons in Botswana Completed · 357 cited
  4. Phase 4 Evaluating the Safety of Immediate Versus Deferred Isoniazid Preventive Therapy Among HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Completed · 124 cited
  5. Phase 4 Wirelessly Observed Therapy in Comparison to Directly Observed Therapy for the Treatment of Tuberculosis Completed · 94 cited
  6. Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of BPaMZ in Drug-Sensitive (DS-TB) Adult Patients and Drug-Resistant (DR-TB) Adult Patients Completed · 60 cited
Show 44 more trials
  1. Phase 3 TBTC Study 31: Rifapentine-containing Tuberculosis Treatment Shortening Regimens Completed · 33 cited
  2. Phase 4 Effect of Weight and/or Obesity on Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Concentrations Completed · 15 cited
  3. Phase 4 Alcohol Drinkers' Exposure to Preventive Therapy for TB (ADEPTT) Completed · 11 cited
  4. Phase 4 Ultra Curto (Ultra Short) TB Prevention Therapy Completed · 2 cited
  5. Phase 4 Effect of Weight and/or Obesity on Dapsone Drug Concentrations Completed
  6. Phase 4 Rifampin and the Contraceptive Implant Completed
  7. Phase 4 Immediate Versus Deferred Start of Anti-HIV Therapy in HIV-Infected Adults Being Treated for Tuberculosis Completed
  8. Phase 4 Xpert MTB/Rif, a New Tool for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Two Municipalities in Brazil Completed
  9. Phase 4 Effect of Weight and/or Obesity on Ethambutol Drug Concentrations Completed
  10. Phase 4 Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Immune Reconstitution Syndrome Trial (THIRST) Completed
  11. Phase 3 Three Months of Weekly Rifapentine and Isoniazid for M. Tuberculosis Infection Completed
  12. Phase 3 Tuberculosis Treatment Shortening Trial Completed
  13. Phase 3 Treatment of Latent TB Infection for Jailed Persons Completed
  14. Phase 2 Safety and Immunogenicity of a Candidate Tuberculosis (TB) Vaccine in Healthy HIV Negative Adolescents Completed
  15. Phase 2 DAR-901 TB Booster Vaccine to Prevent TB in Adolescents Completed
  16. Phase 2 Safety and Immunogenicity of AERAS-402 in HIV-infected, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-Vaccinated Adults Completed
  17. Phase 2 Statin Adjunctive Therapy for TB Completed
  18. Phase 2 Safety and Immunogenicity Study of GSK Biologicals Tuberculosis Vaccines (692342) to Healthy Adults Completed
  19. Phase 2 Evaluating PK, Tolerability, and Safety of Rifapentine and Isoniazid in Pregnant and Postpartum Women Completed
  20. Phase 2 Infant TB Infection Prevention Study Completed
  21. Phase 2 Standard Versus Double Dose Dolutegravir in Patients With HIV-associated Tuberculosis Completed
  22. Phase 2 A Study of MVA85A in Healthy Infants Completed
  23. Phase 2 Early Bactericidal Activity of Linezolid, Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Isoniazid (INH) and Moxifloxacin in HIV Negative Adults With Initial Episodes of Sputum Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Completed
  24. Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Biologicals' Candidate Tuberculosis (TB) Vaccine in Adults Completed
  25. Phase 2 Essentiality of INH in TB Therapy Completed
  26. Phase 2 Phase IIa Clinical Study of Recombinant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Allergen ESAT6-CFP10 Completed
  27. Phase 2 Safety and Immunogenicity of 2 Formulations of Tuberculosis Vaccine GSK692342 Given at 0,1 Months to Healthy Adults Completed
  28. Phase 2 Safety and Immunogenicity Study of a Candidate Tuberculosis Vaccine in Healthy Infants Completed
  29. Phase 2 Trial of High-Dose Rifampin in Patients With TB Completed
  30. Phase 2 Evaluation of Safety, Immunogenicity, and Prevention of TB With AERAS-404 and BCG Revaccination in Healthy Adolescents Completed
  31. Phase 2 Safety and Immunogenicity Study of a Candidate Tuberculosis Vaccine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive Adults Completed
  32. Phase 2 Metronidazole for Pulmonary Tuberculosis (South Korea) Completed
  33. Phase 2 An Early Bactericidal Activity, Safety and Tolerability of GSK3036656 in Subjects With Drug-sensitive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Completed
  34. Phase 2 Efficacy Against TB Disease, Safety, and Immunogenicity of MVA85A/AERAS-485 in HIV-Infected Adults (C-030-485) Completed
  35. Phase 2 PK Study of Rifampicin Interactions With DMPA and Efavirenz in TB Completed
  36. Phase 2 Linezolid Dosing Strategies in Drug-Resistant TB Completed
  37. Phase 2 TMC207-TiDP13-C208: Anti-bacterial Activity, Safety, and Tolerability of TMC207 in Participants With Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Completed
  38. Phase 2 A Clinical Trial of the Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Hematologic Effects of Imatinib on Myelopoiesis in Adults When Given With and Without Isoniazid and Rifabutin Completed
  39. Phase 2 Study of AERAS-402 in Healthy Infants Completed
  40. Phase 2 High-Dose Isoniazid Among Adult Patients With Different Genetic Variants of INH-Resistant Tuberculosis (TB) Completed
  41. Phase 2 Pharmacokinetic Study to Evaluate Double-Dose Levonorgestrel Emergency Contraception in Combination With Efavirenz-Based Antiretroviral Therapy or Rifampicin-Containing Anti-Tuberculosis Therapy Completed
  42. Phase 2 Effects of Interferon-Gamma on Cavitary Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Lungs Completed
  43. Phase 2 Moxifloxacin As Part of a Multi-Drug Regimen For Tuberculosis Completed
  44. Phase 2 A Phase 2 to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Combinations of Bedaquiline, Moxifloxacin, PA-824 and Pyrazinamide in Adult Subjects With Drug-Sensitive or Multi Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Completed

Showing the 50 most-cited and recently-updated of 108 trials. Browse the full registry →

Trial data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. Counts describe the research landscape and are not a treatment recommendation. Informational only — not medical advice.

What the trials found Updated — new results For clinicians

Tuberculosis: what the trials found

Isoniazid (INH) is a cornerstone of tuberculosis (TB) preventive therapy. In a large phase 4 trial, INH was associated with a cumulative incidence of grade 3/4 hepatotoxicity of 8.3% 8. Adherence to INH was suboptimal in 31.3% of participants, though self-reported days of intake were high (30/30 days) 8. Another trial found no significant difference in TB treatment completion rates in prison with INH (p=0.08) 4. In pregnant women, INH did not significantly increase fetal death (p=0.093) or prematurity (p=0.288) compared to control 5. A phase 3 trial showed that once-weekly rifapentine (RPT) plus INH for 3 months reduced the cumulative rate of culture-confirmed TB disease at 33 months (0.43% vs 0.19%) 20. A phase 4 trial of rifapentine 600 mg plus INH 300 mg found a trend toward higher treatment completion (>90% adherence) but did not reach significance (p=0.07) 9. Rifampin 600 mg was also studied in a small phase 4 trial 10.

Xpert MTB/Rif, a molecular diagnostic test, significantly increased TB notification rates (notification rate ratio 48.7 vs 30.5, p<0.01) 12. However, it did not significantly affect non-laboratory tested TB (p=0.923) and paradoxically increased negative-laboratory TB notifications (p=0.004) 12. In drug-sensitive TB, a phase 3 trial of pretomanid-containing regimens showed significantly higher culture-negative status by 8 weeks (p<0.001) 18, but rates of unfavorable outcomes (bacteriologic failure, relapse, clinical failure) at 52 weeks were similar across arms 18. Another phase 3 trial of pretomanid also reported comparable unfavorable outcomes at 26 and 78 weeks 16. A phase 3 trial of rifapentine-containing regimens showed a borderline significant difference in grade 3+ adverse events (p=0.05) and faster decline of sputum viable bacilli 19.

Digital health feedback systems improved witnessed doses (92.9% vs 63.1%) in a phase 4 trial 6. In HIV-associated TB, immediate ART did not significantly improve survival without AIDS progression (p=0.45) 14. Fixed-dose combination zidovudine/lamivudine/abacavir achieved HIV RNA <400 copies/ml in 26/31 evaluable patients 15. Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim 7 and dapsone 11 were studied in small phase 4 trials. Ethambutol was associated with fewer bacteriologic/clinical relapses at 30 months (3 vs 13) in a phase 3 trial 22, but another small phase 4 trial 13 did not report comparative outcomes.

Recent results — preliminary, needs further review

  • A recent phase 2 trial of linezolid 600 mg showed a trend toward improved time to 26-week stable culture conversion (p=0.0546) but no significant differences in permanent discontinuation of anti-TB drugs (p=0.58) or linezolid specifically (p=0.82) 2.
  • A large recent trial of choice architecture interventions to increase TB preventive therapy (TPT) initiation in HIV patients found modest improvements: among patients newly starting ART, TPT initiation within 90 days was 70.1% vs 71.5% (not tested for significance); among established ART patients, TPT initiation was 2.1% vs 5.2%; and among TPT-eligible new ART patients, 77.3% vs 78.3% 3.

For the clinician treating this condition

  • Isoniazid remains effective for TB prevention but requires monitoring for hepatotoxicity and adherence support.
  • Rifapentine-based short-course regimens (e.g., once-weekly INH/RPT for 3 months) reduce TB disease incidence and may improve completion.
  • Xpert MTB/Rif increases TB case detection, but its impact on overall notification rates may be offset by increased negative laboratory notifications.

AI synthesis of 19 cited trials, updated Jun 22, 2026. Informational only — not medical advice; trial data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. How we use AI.

Tuberculosis: current evidence & treatments

Digital health interventions, particularly video observed therapy, improve treatment success and adherence in adults with tuberculosis compared to directly observed therapy (RR 1.18; 95% CI 1.02-1.37) 1. For drug-resistant tuberculosis, linezolid-containing regimens reduce unfavorable outcomes (RD -0.150; 95% CI -0.211 to -0.089) and increase sputum culture conversion (RD 0.047; 95% CI 0.003 to 0.092) 11. The BPaLM regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis with cerebral or bone involvement shows mixed outcomes, with one patient completing treatment without relapse at 1 year and another discontinuing due to adverse events 7.

Comorbidities significantly influence tuberculosis outcomes. People living with HIV have reduced odds of post-tuberculosis lung disease (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.52-0.89), while undernutrition increases odds (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.02-3.87) 3. Diabetes is associated with impaired immune control of tuberculosis pathogenesis 21. In HIV-related sepsis, immediate antituberculosis therapy did not reduce mortality compared to waiting for diagnosis 4. Tuberculosis prevalence is higher among people living with HIV in Africa 22.

Diagnostic tools show variable accuracy. MiniDock MTB on sputum swabs has high specificity (96.8%-98.8%) and good agreement with Xpert (Kappa 0.84) [12,14]. Digital chest radiography with computer-aided detection has variable sensitivity for asymptomatic tuberculosis 13. Tongue swab testing with Xpert Ultra shows promise in adolescents 18. Multiplex PCR assays achieve 100% sensitivity and specificity for MTBc detection 20. A 3D ResNeXt classifier on CT imaging distinguishes nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease from pulmonary tuberculosis with AUC 0.89 25.

Key drugs in the evidence

Isoniazid 7 rifampicin 5 ethambutol 5 rifampin 4 pyrazinamide 3 amikacin 2 moxifloxacin 2 streptomycin 2 pyridoxine 1 anti-tuberculosis drugs 1

Latest findings

AI-generated synthesis of 14 cited studies, updated Jun 12, 2026. How we use AI.

HCP Mode — summaries include clinical detail, trial data, and statistical outcomes.
Patient Mode — summaries use plain language, avoiding clinical jargon.
Report describes tuberculosis cases among incarcerated individuals in Washington state
Infectious Disease
Report describes tuberculosis cases among incarcerated individuals in Washington state Washington state prisons report tuberculosis cases among incarcerated people
A report describes tuberculosis cases among people incarcerated in Washington state.
Washington state prisons have reported tuberculosis cases among incarcerated people, confirming the disease is present in this setting.
CDC Apr 5, 2026
Same-day ART initiation non-inferior to waiting for TB results for viral suppression in people with HIV
Infectious Disease RCT
Same-day ART initiation non-inferior to waiting for TB results for viral suppression in people with HIV Study finds same-day HIV treatment works as well as waiting for tuberculosis test results
A randomized non-inferiority trial in 590 people with HIV and TB symptoms in Lesotho and Malawi found same-day ART initiation was non-inferi…
People with HIV and tuberculosis symptoms get their virus controlled just as well when starting treatment the same day as waiting for test r…
Apr 4, 2026
Protocol describes pediatric TB diagnostic study evaluating non-sputum assays in Kenyan children
Pediatrics Cohort
Protocol describes pediatric TB diagnostic study evaluating non-sputum assays in Kenyan children Researchers plan study to test new tuberculosis tests for children in Kenya
This protocol outlines a prospective observational cohort study (PDTBDx) that will enroll >400 children <15 years with TB symptoms in Nairob…
New tuberculosis tests for children in Kenya do not require coughing to help diagnose the disease and track treatment response up to two yea…
medRxiv Apr 4, 2026
PEPFAR programs show trends in TB preventive treatment initiation and completion among people with HIV
Infectious Disease
PEPFAR programs show trends in TB preventive treatment initiation and completion among people with HIV Are more people with HIV getting protection from tuberculosis?
A report describes trends in tuberculosis preventive treatment initiation and completion among people with HIV across PEPFAR-supported progr…
A new report tracks preventive TB treatment trends for people with HIV across 36 countries, highlighting the importance of monitoring this l…
CDC Apr 4, 2026
U.S. tuberculosis incidence data reported for 2021 in observational analysis
Pulmonology & Critical Care
U.S. tuberculosis incidence data reported for 2021 in observational analysis What happened to tuberculosis rates in the US during the pandemic?
An observational report described tuberculosis incidence in the United States population for 2021.
A new report checks tuberculosis cases across the entire United States population for the year 2021.
CDC Apr 4, 2026
Global TB remains leading infectious disease killer, especially deadly for persons with HIV
Allergy & Immunology
Global TB remains leading infectious disease killer, especially deadly for persons with HIV What's the world's deadliest single infectious disease? It's still tuberculosis
An epidemiological report on global tuberculosis trends indicates TB is the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease worldwid…
Tuberculosis remains the world's deadliest single infectious disease, claiming more lives than malaria or HIV/AIDS, especially for people li…
CDC Apr 4, 2026
Progress toward tuberculosis elimination in the United States has slowed
Pulmonology & Critical Care
Progress toward tuberculosis elimination in the United States has slowed Why is progress against tuberculosis slowing down in the United States?
A report on tuberculosis elimination in the United States indicates that progress has slowed.
Progress toward eliminating tuberculosis in the United States has slowed, signaling that current efforts are no longer moving fast enough to…
CDC Apr 4, 2026
Global report assesses progress toward tuberculosis incidence reduction targets
Pulmonology & Critical Care
Global report assesses progress toward tuberculosis incidence reduction targets Global health report examines progress toward tuberculosis reduction targets
A worldwide epidemiological report evaluated progress toward global tuberculosis incidence reduction targets.
A global health report tracks worldwide progress toward reducing tuberculosis cases and meeting international reduction targets.
CDC Apr 4, 2026
Report describes changes in tuberculosis incidence across the United States population
Pulmonology & Critical Care
Report describes changes in tuberculosis incidence across the United States population Report examines tuberculosis incidence trends across the United States
A report describes changes in tuberculosis incidence in the United States population.
A new report describes changes in tuberculosis incidence across the United States, but the main results were not shared with readers.
CDC Apr 4, 2026
Clinical prediction model differentiates NTM pulmonary disease from tuberculosis in hospitalized patients
Pulmonology & Critical Care Cohort
Clinical prediction model differentiates NTM pulmonary disease from tuberculosis in hospitalized patients Can a simple checklist help doctors tell two serious lung infections apart?
A retrospective cross-sectional cohort study of 351 hospitalized patients with microbiologically confirmed NTM-PD or PTB developed a six-var…
A simple checklist using age, gender, and lung conditions helps doctors quickly tell apart two serious lung infections that need different t…
Frontiers Apr 3, 2026
Policy review finds moderate to high readiness for social protection in TB, HIV, and malaria programs across five African nations
Primary Care & Family Medicine Guideline
Policy review finds moderate to high readiness for social protection in TB, HIV, and malaria programs across five African nations Study finds moderate readiness to link health and social support in five African nations
A review of 111 national policy documents from Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Zambia assessed readiness to integrate social protect…
Five African nations show moderate readiness to link health care with social support for TB, HIV, and malaria, but lack permanent systems to…
Frontiers Apr 3, 2026
Deep learning system with Grad-CAM shows potential for tuberculosis screening on chest X-rays
Radiology & Imaging
Deep learning system with Grad-CAM shows potential for tuberculosis screening on chest X-rays Can a simple phone app help spot tuberculosis on chest X-rays?
A technical evaluation of a deep learning system with Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) for tuberculosis screening from …
An offline AI tool can spot tuberculosis on chest X-rays by highlighting the right lung areas, even on mobile phones without internet.
medRxiv Apr 3, 2026

Questions about Tuberculosis

What factors help differentiate non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease from tuberculosis in patients?

NTM lung disease is more likely in older patients with bronchiectasis, COPD, or diabetes, and often shows thin-walled cavities on CT; TB-IGRA is usually negative in NTM.

Full answer →