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Home › Conditions › Diabetes

Diabetes

Subtypes of Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes 192 Type 1 Diabetes 35 Prediabetes 21 Diabetic Macular Edema 10 Diabetic Nephropathy 7 Diabetic Ketoacidosis 6 Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy 4 Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis 3 Hypoglycemia 3 Glycemic Control 2 New-Onset Diabetes 2 Post-transplant diabetes mellitus 2 Proliferative diabetic retinopathy 2 Diabetic emergencies 1 Diabetic neuropathy 1 Diabetic osteoporosis 1 Diabetic Wound Healing 1 Glycemic management 1 Hyperglycemia in pregnancy 1 Hyperglycemic Crisis 1 Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 1 Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia 1 Insulin-Dependent Diabetes 1 Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy 1 Normal Hypoglycemia Awareness 1 Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy 1 Plantar Diabetic Foot Ulcers 1 Postprandial Hyperglycemia 1 Steroid-induced diabetes 1 Steroid-induced hyperglycemia 1 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Mild Cognitive Impairment 1 Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus 1 Type 3c Diabetes 1 Diabetic Retinal Disease 0 Diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy 0 Hemichorea associated with non-ketotic hyperglycemia 0

383 published articles · Updated continuously

Clinical Trial Landscape

Clinical Trials for Diabetes

750 trials tracked for Diabetes: 270 in phase 3 or 4 and 101 with published results. The most-cited published study has 7289 citations.

750Trials tracked
270Phase 3 & 4
0Recruiting
101With published results
Phase distribution
Phase 4 86 Phase 3 184 Phase 2 59 Phase 1 21 Other / NA 400
  1. Phase 3 Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results Completed · 7,289 cited
  2. Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate Cardiovascular and Other Long-term Outcomes With Semaglutide in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 6,525 cited
  3. Phase 3 A Trial Investigating the Cardiovascular Safety of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 1,897 cited
  4. Phase 4 Effect of Albiglutide, When Added to Standard Blood Glucose Lowering Therapies, on Major Cardiovascular Events in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Completed · 1,771 cited
  5. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide Versus Dulaglutide as add-on to Metformin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes. Completed · 751 cited
  6. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide Once-weekly Versus Placebo in Drug-naïve Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 697 cited
Show 44 more trials
  1. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Versus Liraglutide and Versus Placebo in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Completed · 582 cited
  2. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide Once-weekly Versus Exenatide ER 2.0 mg Once-weekly as add-on to 1-2 Oral Antidiabetic Drugs (OADs) in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 568 cited
  3. Phase 3 A Trial Comparing Cardiovascular Safety of Insulin Degludec Versus Insulin Glargine in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes at High Risk of Cardiovascular Events Completed · 566 cited
  4. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide Once-weekly Versus Sitagliptin Once-daily as add-on to Metformin and/or TZD in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 469 cited
  5. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Versus Placebo in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated With Diet and Exercise Only Completed · 461 cited
  6. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Versus Empagliflozin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Completed · 438 cited
  7. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide Once Weekly Versus Insulin Glargine Once Daily as add-on to Metformin With or Without Sulphonylurea in Insulin-naïve Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 437 cited
  8. Phase 3 Stroke Hyperglycemia Insulin Network Effort (SHINE) Trial Completed · 415 cited
  9. Phase 3 Research Study Comparing a New Medicine Semaglutide to Liraglutide in People With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 401 cited
  10. Phase 3 Efficacy and Long-term Safety of Oral Semaglutide Versus Sitagliptin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 393 cited
  11. Phase 3 Phase 3 28-Week Study With 24-Week and 52-week Extension Phases to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Exenatide Once Weekly and Dapagliflozin Versus Exenatide and Dapagliflozin Matching Placebo Completed · 389 cited
  12. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide Once-weekly Versus Placebo as add-on to Basal Insulin Alone or Basal Insulin in Combination With Metformin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 385 cited
  13. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide Once-weekly Versus Placebo as add-on to SGLT-2i in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Completed · 364 cited
  14. Phase 3 Dual Action of Liraglutide and Insulin Degludec in Type 2 Diabetes: A Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Degludec/Liraglutide, Insulin Degludec and Liraglutide in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 362 cited
  15. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide in Combination With Metformin Compared to Metformin Alone, in Children and Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 345 cited
  16. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Versus Placebo in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes and Moderate Renal Impairment Completed · 338 cited
  17. Phase 3 The Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide as Adjunct Therapy to Insulin in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Completed · 329 cited
  18. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide Versus Canagliflozin as add-on to Metformin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 285 cited
  19. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Versus Placebo in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated With Insulin Completed · 278 cited
  20. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Using a Flexible Dose Adjustment Based on Clinical Evaluation Versus Sitagliptin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Completed · 270 cited
  21. Phase 4 Liraglutide in Obesity and Diabetes: Identification of CNS Targets Using fMRI Completed · 269 cited
  22. Phase 3 A Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Degludec/Liraglutide and Insulin Degludec in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 253 cited
  23. Phase 3 The Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide Adjunct to Insulin Treatment in Type 1 Diabetes Completed · 249 cited
  24. Phase 4 Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study Completed · 247 cited
  25. Phase 3 A Trial Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Insulin Degludec and Insulin Glargine, With or Without OADs in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 220 cited
  26. Phase 3 Dose-response, Safety and Efficacy of Oral Semaglutide Versus Placebo and Versus Liraglutide, All as Monotherapy in Japanese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 220 cited
  27. Phase 3 A Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Degludec/Liraglutide Versus Insulin Glargine in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Completed · 215 cited
  28. Phase 3 A Trial Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Insulin Degludec and Insulin Glargine, Both With Insulin Aspart as Mealtime Insulin in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes Completed · 207 cited
  29. Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy of Oral Semaglutide Versus Dulaglutide Both in Combination With One OAD (Oral Antidiabetic Drug) in Japanese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 207 cited
  30. Phase 4 Reducing Total Cardiovascular Risk in an Urban Community Completed · 192 cited
  31. Phase 3 A Clinical Trial Comparing Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Degludec/Liraglutide (IDegLira) Versus Basal-bolus Therapy in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Completed · 187 cited
  32. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of FIAsp Compared to Insulin Aspart Both in Combination With Insulin Detemir in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Completed · 176 cited
  33. Phase 4 Effect of Testosterone in Men With Erectile Dysfunction Completed · 160 cited
  34. Phase 3 The Efficacy of Insulin Degludec/Liraglutide in Controlling Glycaemia in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and OAD Therapy Completed · 134 cited
  35. Phase 3 A Trial Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Semaglutide Once Weekly in Monotherapy or in Combination With One OAD in Japanese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 125 cited
  36. Phase 3 A Trial Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Semaglutide Once Weekly Versus Sitagliptin Once Daily in Japanese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 121 cited
  37. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of FIAsp Compared to Insulin Aspart in Combination With Insulin Glargine and Metformin in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Completed · 119 cited
  38. Phase 3 Insulin Resistance Intervention After Stroke Trial Completed · 108 cited
  39. Phase 3 The Efficacy of Insulin Degludec/Liraglutide as add-on Therapy in Controlling Glycaemia in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Sulphonylurea With or Without Metformin Therapy Completed · 106 cited
  40. Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide Once-weekly Versus Sitagliptin Once-daily as add-on to Metformin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN - CHINA MRCT) Completed · 102 cited
  41. Phase 4 Treatment of Diabetes and Depression in Hispanics and African Americans and Its Effect on A1c and Quality of Life. Completed · 97 cited
  42. Phase 4 Acute Effect of Exenatide on Brain Glucose Metabolism Completed · 95 cited
  43. Phase 3 RCT Metformin for Reduction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Effects Completed · 83 cited
  44. Phase 4 Safety and Efficacy of Saxagliptin for Glycemic Control in Non-Critically Ill Hospitalized Patient Completed · 78 cited

Showing the 50 most-cited and recently-updated of 750 trials. Browse the full registry →

Trial data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. Counts describe the research landscape and are not a treatment recommendation. Informational only — not medical advice.

What the trials found Updated — new results For clinicians

Diabetes: what the trials found

Ertugliflozin (15 mg) was shown to have a modifying effect on blood pressure in patients with diabetes 1. Additionally, the use of antiplatelet agents was associated with significant reductions in LDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and HbA1c levels 20.

Albiglutide (30 mg) demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the time to first occurrence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) and the time to MACE or urgent revascularization for unstable angina 17. Liraglutide was shown to influence cortical activation during food visualization regarding desirable versus less desirable food cues 18.

Standard pharmacological management including FDA-approved drugs for blood pressure and cholesterol resulted in significant reductions in LDL cholesterol and blood pressure 19. Sertraline use was associated with a decrease in HbA1c levels and an improvement in quality of life 22. Sildenafil citrate demonstrated improvements in erectile function scores and other related domains 21.

Recent results — preliminary, needs further review

  • - The DASH4D diet significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (p=<0.001) 4.
  • - A Culinary Medicine Program was associated with reductions in HbA1c, BMI, and systolic blood pressure 10.
  • - Specific interventions like the Diabetes Prevention Program were associated with improvements in blood pressure and weight over 6 months 6.
  • - Smart insulin pens combined with CGM showed a reduction in hyperglycemia (HbA1c) 12.
  • - Walking breaks to break up sitting (INT-SIT) were associated with changes in postprandial glucose, triglycerides, and insulin 7.

For the clinician treating this condition

  • Ertugliflozin (15 mg) is established as an intervention that modifies blood pressure in diabetic patients 1.
  • Albiglutide (30 mg) significantly reduces the time to MACE and urgent revascularization for unstable angina 17.
  • Multi-modal approaches, including Culinary Medicine programs and specific dietary interventions like DASH4D, show promise in managing HbA1c and blood pressure [4, 10].

AI synthesis of 12 cited trials, updated Jun 15, 2026. Informational only — not medical advice; trial data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. How we use AI.

Diabetes: current evidence & treatments

Diabetes mellitus is associated with a high burden of microvascular and macrovascular complications, including diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral arterial disease, as observed in adult Ugandans 2. Chronic hyperglycemia contributes to multi-level nerve damage across peripheral, autonomic, and central nervous systems, driven by metabolic and vascular disturbances such as oxidative stress and microvascular dysfunction 6. Immunometabolic dysregulation, including activation of the polyol pathway, advanced glycation end products, and mitochondrial dysfunction, creates a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that drives hyperalgesia and hypoesthesia in diabetic peripheral neuropathy 1.

Pharmacological interventions show varying benefits in diabetes management. Semaglutide reduces the risk of kidney decline or death in type 2 diabetes with chronic kidney disease 10 and improves metabolic health in schizophrenia patients on antipsychotics 15. GLP-1 receptor agonists may reduce cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes patients with dementia 13 and are associated with a lower risk of serious liver events compared with DPP-4 inhibitors 25. SGLT2 inhibitors are associated with lower all-cause mortality in heart transplant recipients with type 2 diabetes 3. Evolocumab reduces cardiovascular events in diabetes without known atherosclerosis 16. Metformin is associated with higher lactate concentrations during exercise in adults with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes 8. Insulin degludec/liraglutide ranks highest for HbA1c reduction among fixed-ratio combinations 20. Intravitreal ziv-aflibercept reduces central macular thickness and improves visual acuity in diabetic macular edema 9.

Emerging technologies and genetic insights are advancing diabetes care. Transcriptomic analysis identified 337 high-confidence type 2 diabetes-associated genes in human pancreatic islets, with an IsletDysfunctionScore showing significant separation between non-diabetic and type 2 diabetes islets 5. AI-driven cardiovascular risk prediction in type 2 diabetes shows promise but is limited by bias and lack of diversity 23. Pancreatic tissue engineering for type 1 diabetes faces a vascularization hurdle 7. CAR technology is being explored for type 1 diabetes among other conditions 11. scFv-based biologics show potential for immunomodulation in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes 19. Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes are being investigated for diabetic foot ulcers, but efficacy data are lacking 14.

Key drugs in the evidence

metformin 3 semaglutide 3 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors 2 rivaroxaban 2 statins 2 SGLT2 inhibitors 2 direct oral anticoagulants 2 glibenclamide 1 pembrolizumab 1 pioglitazone 1

Latest findings

AI-generated synthesis of 17 cited studies, updated Jun 12, 2026. How we use AI.

HCP Mode — summaries include clinical detail, trial data, and statistical outcomes.
Patient Mode — summaries use plain language, avoiding clinical jargon.
Feijoa powder supplementation did not improve weight or glucose but lowered systolic blood pressure in adults with prediabetes
Nutrition & Obesity Medicine RCT
Feijoa powder supplementation did not improve weight or glucose but lowered systolic blood pressure in adults with prediabetes Feijoa Powder Helps Lower Blood Pressure
This 6-month randomized controlled trial enrolled 97 adults with overweight and prediabetes.
Adding feijoa powder to a diet helped lower blood pressure and keep weight off after a weight-loss program ended.
medRxiv Apr 14, 2026
Systematic review of mulberry leaves for diabetes mellitus shows insufficient evidence due to lack of high-quality trials
Nutrition & Obesity Medicine Sys. Review
Systematic review of mulberry leaves for diabetes mellitus shows insufficient evidence due to lack of high-quality trials The Common Leaf That May Help Tame Blood Sugar — What Science Says
This systematic review evaluated mulberry leaves for diabetes mellitus but did not report the specific population, sample size, or primary o…
Mulberry leaf compounds may lower blood sugar through several biological pathways, offering a natural option for managing type 2 diabetes or…
Frontiers Apr 14, 2026
HALP score and clinical parameters predict time to glycemic stability in hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients
Diabetes & Endocrinology Cohort
HALP score and clinical parameters predict time to glycemic stability in hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients New Tool Predicts When Your Blood Sugar Will Stabilize
This retrospective cohort study evaluated 356 hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes to assess predictors of glycemic stability.
A new score using your blood test results can predict exactly how long it will take for your hospital blood sugar to stabilize.
Frontiers Apr 14, 2026
Adenosine and other interventions show variable success in adult paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia patients
Cardiology Cohort
Adenosine and other interventions show variable success in adult paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia patients Why Your Heart Palpitations Might Be Different
This retrospective observational study evaluated treatment responses in 427 adult patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia at a…
Heart palpitations often signal different problems depending on your health history, as new research shows comorbidities like diabetes reduc…
Frontiers Apr 14, 2026
PIEZO1 variant rs563555492T associated with lower HbA1c and reduced prediabetes risk in South Asian cohorts
Diabetes & Endocrinology Cohort
PIEZO1 variant rs563555492T associated with lower HbA1c and reduced prediabetes risk in South Asian cohorts A Hidden Gene Is Masking Diabetes in South Asians
This observational cohort study examined 62,909 South Asians from India and the UK to assess the impact of the PIEZO1 rs563555492T variant.
A gene common in South Asians can make standard diabetes blood tests look normal even when blood sugar is high, hiding the disease for years…
medRxiv Apr 14, 2026
GLP1R locus variants associated with higher BMI and Type 2 Diabetes risk in genetically inferred European ancestry participants
Genetics & Precision Medicine
GLP1R locus variants associated with higher BMI and Type 2 Diabetes risk in genetically inferred European ancestry participants Do your genes make you heavier? New data suggests specific gene variants are linked to higher body weight
This genetic association study analyzed 431,107 participants from the Million Veteran Program to evaluate GLP1R locus variants rs12213929 an…
Two specific gene variants linked to higher body weight also influence Type 2 diabetes risk, though one marker's connection to diabetes disa…
medRxiv Apr 14, 2026
In older in-patients with type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment, CGM showed superior glucose metrics compared to point-of-care tests
Diabetes & Endocrinology
In older in-patients with type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment, CGM showed superior glucose metrics compared to point-of-care tests The Wearable Glucose Sensor That Catches What Hospital Tests Miss
This observational study evaluated continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) versus point-of-care tests (POCT) in 30 older in-patients with type 2…
A new wearable sensor caught dangerous overnight low blood sugar in older hospitalized patients with dementia that routine hospital tests co…
medRxiv Apr 14, 2026
Later eating start time associated with worse glycaemic parameters and higher body fat in prediabetes
Nutrition & Obesity Medicine
Later eating start time associated with worse glycaemic parameters and higher body fat in prediabetes Does eating later in the day raise your insulin levels and body fat?
This observational review examined 297 individuals with prediabetes to assess the impact of eating start time on metabolic health.
Delaying your first meal by an hour raises fasting insulin and total body fat in adults with prediabetes, suggesting earlier eating may help…
medRxiv Apr 14, 2026
Post-hoc analysis finds both continuous and intermittent calorie restriction reduce weight in type 2 diabetes
Nutrition & Obesity Medicine RCT
Post-hoc analysis finds both continuous and intermittent calorie restriction reduce weight in type 2 diabetes Two calorie-restricted diets helped people with type 2 diabetes lose weight in a small study
A post-hoc analysis of RCTs in 67 people with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity compared 3-month continuous vs.
Two calorie-restricted diets helped people with type 2 diabetes lose weight and reduce fat while gaining muscle in a new study.
Apr 13, 2026
Dairy-inclusive diet with timed meals may improve circadian gene expression and glycaemia in type 2 diabetes
Nutrition & Obesity Medicine RCT
Dairy-inclusive diet with timed meals may improve circadian gene expression and glycaemia in type 2 diabetes Dairy, Breakfast, and a Body Clock Surprise
A 4-week randomised crossover trial in 19 adults with type 2 diabetes found that a dairy-inclusive diet with structured meal timing upregula…
Shifting protein to breakfast and eating carbs earlier in the day improved both blood sugar control and the genes that run the body's daily …
Apr 13, 2026
Intraduodenal Lauric Acid and Tryptophan Reduce Postprandial Glucose in Small Diabetes Trial
Nutrition & Obesity Medicine RCT
Intraduodenal Lauric Acid and Tryptophan Reduce Postprandial Glucose in Small Diabetes Trial Two Nutrients, Delivered Deep, Calm Blood Sugar
A small RCT in 11 men with type 2 diabetes found that a combined intraduodenal infusion of lauric acid and L-tryptophan before a meal reduce…
Two nutrients that did nothing on their own slowed the stomach and cut the meal-time glucose spike when paired.
Apr 13, 2026
Higher dietary phytochemical index associated with better sleep quality in adults with type 2 diabetes
Oncology RCT
Higher dietary phytochemical index associated with better sleep quality in adults with type 2 diabetes Plant-Rich Plates Linked to Better Sleep for Diabetics
A cross-sectional study of 675 adults with type 2 diabetes found that higher dietary phytochemical index (DPI) scores were associated with b…
A diet rich in plant-based foods tracked with longer sleep and lower inflammation in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Frontiers Apr 13, 2026

Questions about Diabetes

How many pregnant women were in the Lp(a) gestational diabetes risk study?

The Lp(a) gestational diabetes risk study included 922 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) after propensity score matching.

Full answer →
What is the link between diabetes and the immune system fighting tuberculosis?

Diabetes weakens the immune system's ability to control tuberculosis, increasing risk of infection and worse outcomes.

Full answer →
Can surgery help heal wounds caused by gouty tophi in patients with diabetes?

Yes, surgery can help heal wounds from gouty tophi, but diabetes increases the risk of delayed healing and infection, so careful preoperative management is essential.

Full answer →
How does having diabetes affect the risk of infection after spinal surgery?

Yes, diabetes significantly increases the risk of infection after spinal surgery, with studies showing roughly 3-4 times higher odds of surgical site infection.

Full answer →
Can immune checkpoint inhibitors cause diabetes mellitus in patients?

Yes, immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause diabetes mellitus, often presenting suddenly with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Full answer →
Do voltage-dependent potassium channels play a role in diabetes research findings?

Yes, voltage-dependent potassium (Kv) channels help regulate insulin secretion, and their dysfunction is linked to diabetes. Research explores them as potential drug targets.

Full answer →
Does switching to integrase inhibitors increase the risk of developing diabetes in HIV patients?

Yes, switching to integrase inhibitors (INSTIs) is linked to an increased risk of developing diabetes in people with HIV, based on recent studies.

Full answer →
Can Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides help manage diabetes and related complications?

Yes, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs) show potential to help manage diabetes and its complications through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and blood sugar-lowering effects, but human trials are needed.

Full answer →
See all 8 questions about Diabetes →